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Biology Paper 1 > Topic 1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells do animals, plants and fungi have?

A

Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Where do most of the chemical reactions in a cell happen?

A

In the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls the movement of substances in and out the cell

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It strengthens the cell and supports the plant

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5
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

It is filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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6
Q

Where is genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA is a single loop, found in the cytoplasm and prokaryotic cells may also have small rings of DNA called plasmids.

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7
Q

Are prokaryotic cells bigger or smaller than eukaryotic cells?

A

Much smaller

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8
Q

What is the size of a micrometre?

A

1/1,000,000th of a metre(1 millionth)

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9
Q

What is the symbol for a micrometre?

A

Looks like an upside down h and an m

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10
Q

What is a micrometre in standard form?

A

1x10(-6)m

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11
Q

What is the size of a nanometre?

A

1/1,000,000,000th of a metre (1 billionth)

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12
Q

What is the symbol for a nanometre?

A

nm

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13
Q

What is a nanometre in standard form?

A

1x10(-9)m

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14
Q

What is the orderof magnitude?

A

A number used to make size comparisons, for each order of magnitude, a number is 10 times the previous one

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15
Q

What is one order of magnitude?

A

10x greater

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16
Q

What is two orders of magnitude?

A

100x greater

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17
Q

What is three orders of magnitude?

A

1000x greater

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18
Q

Are mitochondria larger or smaller than ribosomes?

A

Larger

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19
Q

What is the cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

What is the vacuole filled with?

A

Cell sap

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21
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When cells become specialised

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22
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for fertilisation?

A
  • head of the sperm contains genetic information
  • tail and streamlined shape to swim to the egg
  • mid piece packed with mitochondria- releases energy for swimming and fertilisation
  • acrosome contains enzymes allow sperm to penetrate/digest way through eggs outer layer
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23
Q

Where is the genetic information contained in a sperm cell?

A

In the nucleus in the head

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24
Q

Where is the mitochondria contained in a sperm cell?

A

The mid piece/middle

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25
Q

Where are the enzymes contained in a sperm cell?

A

In the acrosome (top of the head)

26
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria in a sperm cell?

A

Release energy needed to swim and fertilise the egg

27
Q

What is the function of the enzymes in a sperm cell?

A

Allow sperm to penetrate/digest their way through outer layer of the egg

28
Q

What is the function of the nerve cell?

A

To send electrical impulses around the body

29
Q

What is the function of the axon in a nerve cell?

A

Carries electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

30
Q

What is the axon in a nerve cell?

A

Long thin part in the middle

31
Q

What is the myelin in a nerve cell?

A

A fatty sheath that covers the axon

32
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Insulates nerve cell and increases speed of transmission of nerve impulses

33
Q

What is the function of synapses in a nerve cell?

A

Junctions (at the end of the axon) that allow impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

34
Q

What are dendrites in a nerve cell?

A

Projections from the cell body

35
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Increase the surface area available to receive information from other nerve cells

36
Q

What is another name for a nerve cell?

A

Neuron

37
Q

What are the two ways muscle cells are adapted to contract?

A
  • contain protein fibres
  • contain mitochondria
38
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in a muscle cell?

A

Provide energy for muscle contraction

39
Q

What is the function of protein fibres in a muscle cell?

A

Allow muscle cell to contract (get shorter)

40
Q

What plant cell organelle does a root hair cell not contain?

A

Chloroplasts - root hair cells are underground

41
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell?

A

To absorb water and mineral ions

42
Q

How is the root hair cell adapted to increase the rate of absorption?

A

large surface area

43
Q

Where are xylem found?

A

Plant Stem

44
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves

45
Q

How are xylem cells adapted to provide support to the plant?

A

Thick cell walls containing lignin

46
Q

How is the xylem adapted to easily transport water and minerals?

A

Xylem cells have no end walls and no cytoplasm so they form a continuous hollow tube allowing substances to flow freely

47
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports products of photosynthesis up and down the plant

48
Q

Why do the sieve tubes in the phloem have companion cells?

A

Sieve tubes have limited cytoplasm so contain little mitochondria - companion cells contain mitochondria

49
Q

What is the function of the companion cells in the phloem?

A

Contain mitochondria to provide energy for transport of substances

50
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • higher magnification
  • higher resolution
51
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

By simple cell division- binary fission

52
Q

What is the formula to calculate the number of bacteria in a population after a certain time if given the mean division time?

A

Number of bacteria = 2(to the power of n when n equals number of rounds of division)

53
Q

What are the 2 ways to culture bacteria?

A
  • in a nutrient broth solution
  • as colonies on an agar gel plate
54
Q

How many chromosomes does a human body cell have?

A

23 pairs or 46 in total

55
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23 (not paired)

56
Q

What are the stages of cell division called?

A

The cell cycle

57
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle?

A
  • DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
  • cell grows and copies it’s internal structures eg mitochondria, ribosomes
58
Q

What is the second stage of the cell cycle?

A
  • (mitosis) *one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of cell and nucleus divides
59
Q

What stage of the cell cycle is mitosis?

A

Second stage

60
Q

What is the third stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells

61
Q

What types of cells can stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into?

A

Blood cells

62
Q

When are bone marrow transplants used?

A
  • to treat blood cancers eg leukaemia

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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