Topic 1 - Hazardous Earth

Question 1

What is the order of cells eg ‘polar cell’

Answer 1

Polar cell, ferrel cell, hadley cell, hadley cell, ferrel cell, and polar cell.

Question 2

Is the pressure low high low high low, or high low high low high?

Answer 2

Low high low high low

Question 3

Ways of trasferring heat

Answer 3

Winds, ocean

Question 4

Different climate zones around the world

Answer 4

Arid (dry), tropical and polar

Question 5

Arid (dry) climate

Answer 5

Sinking air from hadley and ferrel cells metting causes high pressure and prevents rainfall. Rainfall is very low for all or most of the year. Usually hot temperatures.

Question 6

Tropical climate zone

Answer 6

Rising air from the two hadley cells meeting causes low pressure and lots of rainfall. Temperatures are always hot and rainfall is high.

Question 7

Polar climate zone

Answer 7

Sinking air from polar cells creates an area of high pressure at the poles. Temperatures are low all year round and there’s very little rainfall.

Question 8

Natural causes of climate change

Answer 8

Orbital changes, volcanic activity, solar output, asteroid collisions

Question 9

What are orbital changes?

Answer 9

Orbital changes are variations in the way the Earth moves around the Sun.
(Stretch, tilt, wobble) - these cycles affect the amount of solar radiation (energy) the
Earth receives. If the Earth recieves more energy, it gets WARMER.

Question 10

What is stretch (orbital changes)?

Answer 10

The path of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun changes from [a perfect circle], to, [an oval]. This happens every 96,000 years.

Question 11

What is the tilt (orbital changes)?

Answer 11

The Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle as it orbits the sun. The tilt changes over a cycle of 41,000 years.

Question 12

What is wobble (orbital changes)?

Answer 12

The axis of the Earth wobbles like a spinning top on a cycle of about 22,000.

Question 13

What is volcanic activity?

Answer 13

When colcanic eruptions occur, large quantities of material, eg. ash, gets ejected into the atmosphere. Those particles reflect the sun’s rays back to space, so the earth’s surface cools.

Question 14

What us solar output?

Answer 14

The Sun’s output of energy ins’t constant. It changes in cycles of 11 years. Periods when the solar output is reduced, causes the Earth’s climate to become cooler.

Question 15

What are asteroid collisions?

Answer 15

Asteroids hitting the Earth’s surface can throw up huge amounts of dust into the atmosphere. These particles prevent the Sun’s energy from reaching the Earth’s surface so global temperatures fall.

Question 16

Different types of evidence for natural climate change

Answer 16

Tree rings, ice cores, historical recordings

Question 17

Tree rings

Answer 17

Trees produce one ring a year. The thickness of the ring depends on the climate, the warmer the thicker. By looking at it, scientists can see how the climate is like each year by looking at the thickness.

Question 18

Ice cores

Answer 18

Ice sheets are made up of layers of ice, one ayer is formed each year. By analysing the carbon dioxide trapped in the layers of ice, they can tell what the temperature was each year.

Question 19

Historical records

Answer 19

Diaries and paintings have been used to record the climate.

Question 20

Th greenhouse effect is basically the Earth getting warmer. What are the human activities that are making the greenhouse effect stronger?

Answer 20

Farming, industry, energy and transport.

Question 21

Impacts of climate change on people

Answer 21

People die due to heat, the buildings flood, lower crop yields increase malnutrition and starving.

Question 22

Do tropical cyclones develop over warm water (T/F)

Answer 22

True, tropical cyclones gain energy over warm water and lose energy over land.

Question 23

Physical hazards of tropical cyclones on land

Answer 23

High winds, intense rainfall, storm surges, coastal flooding, landslides.

Question 24

What are storm surges?

Answer 24

A storm surge is a large rise in sea level caused by low pressure and high winds.

Question 25

What is coastal flooding?

Answer 25

Flooding happens as a result of storm surges and strong winds driving large waves onto the shore.

Question 26

What are landslides?

Answer 26

Heavy rain makes hills unstable, causing landslides.

Question 27

Impacts of tropical cyclones on people

Answer 27

People drown, destroy buildings, no electricity, people get hurt, shortage of clean water.

Question 28

Impacts of tropical cyclones on the environment

Answer 28

Trees uprooted, eroded beaches, flood.

Question 29

Layers of the Earth beginning from the middle

Answer 29

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

Question 30

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Answer 30

Convergent, divergent and conservative

Question 31

What are convergent boundaries?

Answer 31

They are plates that move towards each other.

Question 32

What are divergent boundaries?

Answer 32

Plates that move away from each other.

Question 33

What are conservative boundaries?

Answer 33

Plates that move sideways past each other ⬆️⬇️

Question 34

What are the different types of volcano?

Answer 34

Composite volcano, shield volcano 🌋

Question 35

What are composite volcanoes?

Answer 35

Occur at convergent plate boundaries, they are built from layers rather than lava.

Question 36

What are shield volcanoes?

Answer 36

Occur at divergent plate boundaries, not very explosive and made up of only lava.

Question 37

How do earthquakes cause tsunamis?

Answer 37

Underwater earthquakes cause the seabed to move, which displaced water. Waves get spread out of the epicenter of the earthquake.