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Biology > Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk. > Flashcards

Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk. Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the features of a mass transport system.

A

A network to move through e.g. blood vessels.
A medium for movement e.g. blood.
Controlled direction, blood is moved through a pressure gradient created by the heart.
Maintenance of speed e.g. the contraction of the heart.

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2
Q

Describe water.

A

Polar solvent as lots of molecules are also polar and so can be dissolved in it.

Hydrogen bonding creates cohesion and adhesion enabling effective transport through xylem vessels.

High heat specific capacity due to hydrogen bonds allowing minimal temperature fluctuation (important for homeostasis).

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3
Q

Describe an Artery.

A

Carry oxygenated blood, other than pulmonary artery.
Thin lumen.
Smooth inner endothelial lining to reduce friction.
Thick layer of smooth muscle, can contract and relax.
Has elastic fibres for stretch and recoil.
Lots of collagen fibres for strength and support.

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4
Q

Describe Veins.

A

Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein.
Large lumen.
Thinner layer of muscle and elastic fibres than artery.
Reduced collagen fibres.
Valves to prevent backflow.

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5
Q

Describe Capillaries.

A

Very small to fit between cells.
Narrow lumen.
Thin endothelium one cell thick to reduce diffusion distance.

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6
Q

Name the four chambers in the Heart.

A

Right atrium.
Right ventricle.
Left atrium.
Left ventricle.

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7
Q

Name the 4 main blood vessels around the heart.

A

Vena cava.
Pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary vein.
Aorta.

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8
Q

Name all the Valves in the heart.

A

Tricuspid valve.
Semilunar valve.
Bicuspid valve.
Semilunar valve.

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9
Q

Describe the use of tendinous chords.

A

Prevent tri/bicuspid valves turning inside out due to pressure.

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10
Q

Describe the septum.

A

Muscle and connective tissue preventing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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11
Q

Describe the coronary arteries.

A

Wrap around the heart to supply blood to cardiac muscles.

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12
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle.

A

Muscles that cause beating of the heart.
Thicker on the left because higher pressure is required to pump the blood further.

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13
Q

Name the three stages of the Cardiac cycle.

A

Atrial systole.
Ventricular systole.
Cardiac diastole.

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14
Q

Describe Atrial systole.

A

Atria contract forcing atrioventricular valves to open and blood flows into ventricles.

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15
Q

Describe Ventricular systole.

A

Contraction of the Ventricles causing atrioventricular valves to close and semilunar valves to open forcing blood out of the heart through pulmonary artery and aorta.

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16
Q

Describe Cardiac diastole.

A

Atria and ventricles relax and pressure inside the heart chambers decrease causing the semilunar valves to close preventing backflow.

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17
Q

Describe Atherosclorsis.

A

Hardening of arteries caused by build up of fibrous plaque called an atheroma.

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18
Q

Name the Risk factors for Atherosclerosis.

A

Genetics.
Age.
Diet.
Gender.
High blood pressure.
High cholesterol levels.
Smoking.
Physical inactivity.
Obesity.

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19
Q

Describe the formation of an Atheroma.

A

Endothelium gets damaged.
Increasing risk of blood clotting leading to inflammatory response.
Over time white blood cells, cholesterol, calcium salts and fibres build up and harden leading to an atheroma.
Build up of atheroma leads to narrowing of lumen increasing pressure increasing chance of damage and therefore chance of more atheroma’s.
This is an example of a positive feedback loop.

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20
Q

How is Genetics a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Genetic disposition to high blood pressure or cholesterol levels.

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21
Q

How is Age a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Arteries become less elastic with age.

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22
Q

How is Diet a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Bad diet can lead to an increased level of cholesterol.

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23
Q

How is Gender a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Oestrogen makes arteries more elastic so men are more likely to get atheromas.

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24
Q

How is high blood pressure a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Can lead to damage of Endothelium.

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25
Q

How is high cholesterol levels a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Increased likelihood of atheroma forming.

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26
Q

How is smoking a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Nicotine narrows arteries increasing pressure.

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27
Q

How is Physical inactivity a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Increases your risk of obesity.

28
Q

How is Obesity a risk factor for Atherosclerosis.

A

Increases blood pressure.

29
Q

Describe the reactions leading to Blood clotting.

A

Blood vessel is damaged, Platelets attach to exposed collagen fibres.
Thromboplastin released from platelets triggering conversion of inactive prothrombin to active thrombin (calcium ions and vitamin k must be present).
Thrombin catalyses conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Fibrin forms a network of fibres catching platelets and RBC’s forming a blood clot.

30
Q

Describe Energy balance.

A

The balance between calories consumed to calories burned. If unbalanced can lead to weight gain or loss.

31
Q

Describe BMI.

A

Body mass index, calculated by dividing weight in Kg by height in Meters^2.
Can be compared to a chart values under 18 are underweight over 30 indicates obesity.

32
Q

Describe waist to hip ratio.

A

Used to determine how likely a person is to get Heart disease based on fat distribution.
A value over 1 indicates a health risk.

33
Q

Describe a Carbohydrate.

A

Molecules consisting of only Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
Often in long sugar chains called saccharides.

34
Q

Name the three types of saccharides

A

Monosaccharide= Single sugar molecule.
Disaccharide= Two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide= Many monosaccharides.

35
Q

Describe Glucose.

A

Monosaccharide containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule, is the main substrate for respiration.
There are two main isomers being alpha glucose mainly found in animals and beta glucose mainly found in plants.

36
Q

Name the Three Disaccharides.

A

Maltose= 2 glucose molecules.
Sucrose= glucose and fructose.
lactose= glucose and galactose.

37
Q

Name the three Polysaccharides.

A

Glycogen.
Amylose.
Amylopectin.

38
Q

Describe Glycogen.

A

Main energy storage molecule in animals.
formed from many alpha glucoses.
joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
Large number of side branches meaning very quick energy release.
Large but compact.

39
Q

Describe Amylose.

A

Part of starch.
Unbranched chain of glucose molecules
1-4 glycosidic bonds.
Coiled and very compact storing lots of energy.

40
Q

Describe Amylopectin.

A

Part of starch.
Branched chain of glucose molecules.
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
energy is released quickly.
compact but not as compact as Amylopectin.

41
Q

Describe Lipids.

A

Biological molecules only soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols.

42
Q

Name the two types of lipids.

A

Saturated Lipids.
Unsaturated lipids.

43
Q

Describe saturated Lipids.

A

Found in animal fats.
Don’t contain any double carbon bonds.
Solid at room temp as have strong intermolecular forces.

44
Q

Describe Unsaturated lipids.

A

Found in plants.
Contain double carbon bonds.
Liquid at room temperature as double carbon bond causes kink so molecules can’t pack as close causing weaker inter molecular forces.

45
Q

Describe the properties of Lipids.

A

Lipids are waterproof as fatty tail is hydrophobic.
Very compact better gram for gram energy released than carbohydrates.
Non polar insoluble in water.
Bad heat conductors so provide thermal insulation.

46
Q

Describe Triglycerides.

A

Lipids made of one glycerol and three fatty acids.
Joined by ester bonds formed by condensation reactions.
Used as energy reserves in animals and plants.

47
Q

Describe a Phospholipid.

A

A phosphate head with two fatty acid tails.

48
Q

Describe a Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Phosphate heads are hydrophilic.
Fatty acid tils are hydrophobic.
This causes two layers of phospholipids to stack on top of each other with the tails on the inside and heads on outside.
Creating a bilayer in the cell membrane.

49
Q

Describe Cholesterol.

A

Soluble lipid made in the body and is transported by proteins in soluble complexes called lipoproteins consisting of lipids and proteins.

50
Q

Name the two types of Lipoproteins.

A

High density lipoprotein.
Low density lipoprotein.

51
Q

Describe High density lipoproteins.

A

Good cholesterol.
Formed from unsaturated fats, protein and cholesterol.
Transport cholesterol from body tissue to liver to be broken down.
Reducing cholesterol levels reducing risk of atherosclerosis.
More protein than LDL less cholesterol and fat.

52
Q

Describe Low density lipoproteins.

A

Bad cholesterol.
Formed from saturated fats, protein and cholesterol.
Transports cholesterol from liver to the blood.
Increasing cholesterol levels increasing risk of atherosclerosis.
More cholesterol and fat than HDL less protein.

53
Q

Name all the treatments for CVD.

A

Anticoagulants.
Statins.
Platelet inhibitors.
Antihypertensive.
Beta blockers.
Diuretics.
Ace inhibitors.

54
Q

Describe Anticoagulants.

A

Reduce the clot formation.
Dosage needs to be carefully controlled as to much can lead to uncontrolled bleeding.

55
Q

Describe Statins.

A

Reduce blood cholesterol by blocking enzyme creating cholesterol in liver.
Can cause nausea inflammation diarrhoea and constipation.
Most effective when combined with a healthy diet.

56
Q

Describe Platelet inhibitors.

A

Makes platelets less sticky reducing risk of blood clots forming.
Can cause stomach bleeding as it irritates the stomach lining.

57
Q

Describe Antihypertensive.

A

Broad group of drugs that Reduce blood pressure they include.
Beta blockers.
Diuretics.
ACE inhibitors.

58
Q

Describe Beta blockers.

A

Reduce frequency of heart contractions and make them less powerful reducing blood pressure.

59
Q

Describe Diuretcs.

A

Increase urine production lowering blood volume and therefore pressure.
side-effects include nausea and dizziness.

60
Q

Describe ACE inhibitors.

A

Reduce blood pressure by blocking conversion of Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which cause arterial contraction reducing blood pressure.
Side-effects, dizziness cough and heart arrhythmia.

61
Q

Describe Accuracy in terms of data collection.

A

How close the data is to the correct or accepted value.

62
Q

Describe Causation in terms of data collection.

A

A relationship between two values or pieces of data where one influences the other.

63
Q

Describe Precision in terms of data collection.

A

How close the repeated values of an experiment are to each other.

64
Q

Describe Qualitative data.

A

Data in the form of non-numerical qualities and characteristics.

65
Q

Describe Quantitative data.

A

Data in the form of measurable numbers and statistics.

66
Q

Describe Reliability in terms of data collection.

A

The ability to get consistent repeatable results.

67
Q

Describe Validity in terms of data collection.

A

How well the data measures what it’s supposed to.

Biology (6 decks)

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