Topic 2: 1

Question 1

glial cells

Answer 1

provide structural support 
nourish neurons with nutrients from blood supply 
scavenge debris and dying nerve cells 
create blood brain barrier 
around neurons to form insulated myelin

Question 2

5 types of neuroglia

Answer 2

astrocyte
oligodendrocytes 
schwann cells 
microglia 
ependymal cells

Question 3

astrocytes

Answer 3

provides nutrients from blood to neurons
takes waste in opposite direction
control extracellular environment
regulates metabolism
controls capillary blood flow to control flow of chemicals between blood and neurons
contribute to blood brain barrier

Question 4

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Answer 4

provide a myelin sheath around the axons of some neurons

maintain an optimal extracellular environment

Question 5

microglia

Answer 5

immune cells converted from macrophages in blood and body tissue into microglia when they enter the brain

Question 6

ependymal cells

Answer 6

line the ventricles to contribute to blood brain barrier

can divide and form neurons throuhgout life of a cell

Question 7

oligodendrocytes vs schwann cells

Answer 7

oligodendrocytes sheath neuron’s axon in CNS

Schwann cell sheath neurons axon in PNS

Question 8

CNS nerve cell bodies

Answer 8

nuclei or fields

Generally axons of neurons run from these areas, as bundles of nerve axons known as nerve tracts, to other areas

Question 9

PNS nerve cell bodies

Answer 9

Ganglia

Generally axons of neurons run from these areas, as bundles of nerve axons known as nerve tracts, to other areas

Question 10

dendrites

Answer 10

contain actin so they can change shape
have spines where excitatory input is provided by other neurons, and Ca++ flows through when neuron is activated
thin spines are ‘learning spines’, grow when a new task is being learned
larger mushroom spines are ‘memory spines’, formed from thin spines when learned tasks are remembered

Question 11

retrograde

Answer 11

toward the cell body

Question 12

anterograde

Answer 12

away from the cell body

Question 13

unmyelinated cells- schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

Answer 13

several axons are surrounded by the Schwann cell, forming bundles of unmyelinated axons known as Remak Bundles
Schwann cells play an important role in providing nutrients to the neuron and removing waste products

Question 14

discrete synapse

Answer 14

information is transmitted very selectively to select cells, easier to manipulate

Question 15

diffuse synapse

Answer 15

information is transmitted quite broadly to a number of cells in the vicinity (varicosity)

Question 16

channels are selective for ions on the basis of

Answer 16

size of ion (hydrated size and cloud of water molecules it attracts)
charge of ion

Question 17

movement of ions through channels will occur if

Answer 17

channel is open
concentration gradient across membrane
electrical gradient across membrane

Question 18

types of gating

Answer 18

chemical gating
voltage gating
mechanical gating

Question 19

factors that can make a gate refractory

Answer 19

voltage
removing chemicals from channel
adding chemicals to channel

Question 20

local interneurons

Answer 20

over short distances
between neurons located within the one nucleus
only within the CNS

Question 21

projection interneurons/tract interneurons

Answer 21

over long distances
between neurons located in two different nuclei
Only within the CNS

Question 22

neuroendocrine cells

Answer 22

only within the CNS

release hormones into the blood supply to influence distant target organs

Question 23

neurons in the CNS do not regenerate following injury

Answer 23

because myelin produce proteins that inhibit growth of neurons