Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can tissues include more than one type of cell?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does muscular tissue do?

A

Contracts to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does glandular tissue do?

A

Secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the stomach what does muscular tissue do?

A

Churns the food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can happen if you increase the temp of a reaction?

A

You could speed up unwanted reactions or damage cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do we use enzymes?

A

They only speed up useful reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Large proteins folded into unique shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are enzymes made from?

A

Chains of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

The active sites fits into the other substance involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why won’t some reactions be catalysed?

A

If the substrate does not fit onto the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ‘induced fit’ model?

A

The active site changes shape a little to get a tighter fit on the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do enzymes need the right temperature?

A

If the temperature is too hot the bonds will break and the shape of the active site changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are late molecules broken down?

A

So they can easily pass through digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do carbohydrates break down into?

A

Simple sugars like maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrase?

A

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where can amylase be found?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do proteins break down into?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which protease is used in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where can protease be found?

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do lipids break down into?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where can lipids be found?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is bile released?

A

In the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why do we need bile?

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is too acidic for the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is bile alkaline or acidic?

A

Alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why does bile emulsify fats?

A

To break it down into tiny droplets - faster digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the stomach do in the digestive system?

A

Pummels food, produces pepsin and hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the gall bladders role in the digestive system?

A

Where bile is stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the pancreas’ role in the digestive system?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the small intestine do in the digestive system?

A

Produces protease, lipase and amylase and absorbs digested food into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the large intestine do in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs excess water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the rectum do in the digestive system?

A

Makes faeces and stores it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

In the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are lungs protected?

A

Ribcage and pleural membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

A

Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does oxygen enter the lungs?

A

Through trachea then splits into two bronchi which splits into bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What diffuses out of alveoli?

A

Oxygen into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What diffuses into the alveoli?

A

Carbon dioxide from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does oxygen get into body cells?

A

Oxygen is released from the red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why are valves important in the heart?

A

To make sure blood flows in the right direction and prevent backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do the atria do?

A

Contract and push blood into ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What do ventricles do in the heart?

A

Contract and push blood out the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How do cells control heart rate?

A

Produce small electrical impulses that make muscle cells contract

53
Q

Where do coronary arteries branch off from?

A

Aorta

54
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

55
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from heart

56
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood to the heart

57
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Exchange materials

58
Q

How are arteries adapted?

A

They have thick, strong and elastic walls

59
Q

How are capillaries adapted?

A

They are really tiny, have permeable walls and carry blood really close to cells

60
Q

How are veins adapted?

A

They have bigger lumen and valves

61
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

A

Biconcave discs

62
Q

Why do we have haemoglobin?

A

It binds to oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin

63
Q

How are red blood cells adapted?

A

They have a large surface area and no nuclear

64
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells defend against pathogens

65
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When white blood cells change shape to engulf microorganisms

66
Q

How do white blood cells defend against pathogens?

A

They produce antibodies or antitoxins to neutralise

67
Q

Why are platelets important?

A

They help blood clot

68
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Plasma carries everything in the blood

69
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease?

A

Any disease that is in the heart of blood

70
Q

What are the risks of coronary heart disease?

A

Higher chance of heart attack

71
Q

Why do people get coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary arteries become blocked and there is a lack of oxygen

72
Q

What do stents do?

A

They keep arteries open?

73
Q

Why are stents useful?

A

Lower risk of heart attack, they work for a long time and have a quick recovery time

74
Q

Why are stents bad?

A

They pose a risk of infection of thrombosis (blood clots)

75
Q

What do statins do?

A

Reduce amount of LDL cholesterol

76
Q

Why does too much LDL cholesterol cause problems?

A

Fatty deposits fork inside the arteries

77
Q

What is an advantage to statins?

A

Reduces the chance of strokes and increase amount of HDL cholesterol

78
Q

What are the disadvantages to statins?

A

They must be taken regularly, have side effects and the effects are not instant

79
Q

What are the advantages to artificial hearts?

A

They are less likely to be rejected

80
Q

What are the disadvantages to artificial hearts?

A

They could wear out and drugs are needed to thin blood

81
Q

How can valves become damaged?

A

Heart attacks, old age and infection

82
Q

What are the problems faulty valves cause?

A

They do not open properly and blood may flow in both directions

83
Q

What is an advantage to biological/mechanical valves?

A

The procedure is less drastic

84
Q

What is artificial blood made from?

A

A blood substitute called saline

85
Q

How are communicable diseases spread?

A

They are spread person to person

86
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by?

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

87
Q

How are non-communicable diseases spread?

A

They aren’t

88
Q

What problems do viruses have?

A

They increase the chances of cancer in a weakened immune system

89
Q

How are non-communicable diseases costly?

A

They have a human cost and financial cost

90
Q

What do risk factors do?

A

They increase the likelihood of disease but do not guarantee it

91
Q

Which diseases does smoking cause?

A

Cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer

92
Q

What does smoking damage?

A

The walls of arteries and cell lungs of the lungs

93
Q

What problems does obesity have?

A

Sufferers are resistant to insulin and the regulation of glucose

94
Q

What disease does drinking cause?

A

Liver disease

95
Q

How does drinking damage the liver?

A

Liver cells are damaged by the toxic chemicals that leak from the gut (due to damage to intestines)

96
Q

What does drinking do to brain function?

A

It damages nerve cells

97
Q

How does smoking when organ affect the baby?

A

It reduces the amount of oxygen the baby gets

98
Q

How does drinking when pregnant affect the baby?

A

It damages the baby’s cells and affects the baby’s development

99
Q

How do carcinogens cause cancer?

A

They damage the cells DNA

100
Q

How can cancer be directly caused?

A

Exposure to radiation

101
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of cells

102
Q

Which type of tumour is cancerous?

A

Malignant

103
Q

Why are benign rumours not usually dangerous?

A

They stay in one place and do not travel around the body

104
Q

Why are malignant tumours dangerous?

A

The cells break off and spread around the body through the bloodstream

105
Q

How are secondary rumours formed?

A

When cells break off and invade new, healthy cells

106
Q

What increases the chances of breast and ovarian cancer?

A

Mutations in the BRCA genes

107
Q

What does the epidermal tissue in a plant do?

A

Covers the whole plant

108
Q

What does the palisade mesophyll tissue do?

A

It is where photosynthesis occurs

109
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll tissue do?

A

It has air spaces for diffusion

110
Q

Why are meristems useful?

A

It can differentiate into any type of cell for growth

111
Q

How is the waxy cuticle adapted?

A

It helps reduce water loss

112
Q

How is the upper epidermis adapted?

A

It is transparent

113
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll tissue adapted?

A

It has lots of chloroplasts

114
Q

How is the lower epidermis adapted?

A

It has storage so carbon dioxide can diffuse in

115
Q

What do phloem cells do?

A

Transport sugars for immediate use or storage

116
Q

What is translocation?

A

The transportation of food substances in both directions

117
Q

What do xylem cells do?

A

Carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

118
Q

How are xylem cells adapted?

A

They are strengthened by lignin

119
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water from the roots through the xylem and our the leaves

120
Q

What is transpiration?

A

It is the loss of water from a plant

121
Q

What causes transpiration?

A

Evaporation and diffusion

122
Q

How is there always a transpiration stream?

A

Transpiration creates a slight shortage of water so xylem cells need to take in water to replace it

123
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

The brighter the light the higher rate of transpiration

124
Q

Why are stomate important?

A

They close at night to stop the diffusion of water

125
Q

How does air flow affect transpiration?

A

A better air flow means increased transpiration

126
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

They open and close

127
Q

What happens when guard cells are full of water?

A

They go plump and turgid so open for gas exchange

128
Q

What happens when guard cells have a shortage of water?

A

They become flacks and close to stop evaporation

Biology Paper 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions