Topic 2

Question 1

Three different aspects to development

Answer 1

Economic-progress in economic growth e.g. how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology

Social-improvement in people’s standard of living e.g. better health care and access to clean water

Political-having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society

Question 2

Gross domestic product

Answer 2

The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. It’s often given in US$. As a country develops it gets higher

Question 3

GDP per capita

Answer 3

The GDP divided by the population of a country. It’s often given in US$ and is sometimes called GDP per head. As a country develops in gets higher

Question 4

Gross National Income (GNI) and GNI per capita

Answer 4

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. It’s often given in US$. GNI per capita is the GNI divided by the population of a country. As a country develops it gets higher

Question 5

Birth rate

Answer 5

The number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year. As a country develops it gets lower

Question 6

Death rate

Answer 6

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year. As a country develops it gets lower

Question 7

Fertility rate

Answer 7

The average number of births per woman. As a country develops it gets lower

Question 8

Infant mortality rate

Answer 8

The number of babies who die under the age of 1 year old, per thousand babies born. As a country develops it gets lower

Question 9

Maternal mortality rate

Answer 9

The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births. As a country develops it gets lower

Question 10

Doctors per 1000 of population

Answer 10

The number of working doctors per thousand of the population. As a country develops it gets higher

Question 11

Gini coefficient

Answer 11

A measure of economic inequality. Countries are given a score between 0 (equal) to 1 (total inequality). As a country develops it gets lower

Question 12

Gender inequality index

Answer 12

A number thats calculated using data on e.g. women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. The higher the score, the more inequality. As a country develops it gets lower

Question 13

Human development index

Answer 13

A number thats calculated using life expectancy, education level (e.g. average number of years of schooling) and income per head. Every country has an HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed). As a country develops it gets higher

Question 14

Corruption perceptions index

Answer 14

A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. The lower the score, to more corruption. As a country develops it gets higher

Question 15

Single indicators

Answer 15

They can be misleading because if they are used on their own as a country develops, some aspects develop before others so it shows inaccurate data about the development

Question 16

Developing country population pyramid e.g. chad, malawi

Answer 16

No use of contraception so base is very wide and they might not survive. Few people at old age due to poor health care. It rapidly narrows

Question 17

Emerging countries population pyramid e.g. india

Answer 17

Fertility rate falls quickly as woman start getting jobs and have less kids. More use of contraception. Kids survive more due to better healthcare. This also means that there are more people at the working class. Base starts to narrow and top gets wider

Question 18

Development countries population pyramid e.g. UK

Answer 18

Fertility rates are low because people many people want possessions and take care of their elderly more often. Healthcare is good so life expectancy is high. There are a lot more older people so the amount of children decreases. The top widens and the bottom narrows down

Question 19

Factors that affect development of a country: Climate

Answer 19

If a country has either a really hot, cold or dry climate not much will grow. This reduces food production which cause malnutrition which causes lower quality of life. This can also happen when people dont have enough crops to sell to buy necessities

Question 20

Factors that affect development of a country: Education

Answer 20

Education produces more skilled people that can manufacture ICT products that are then sold. A higher income also means that more taxes are paid which are then used by the government to develop

Question 21

Factors that affect development of a country: Health

Answer 21

In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and health care means people still suffer from cholera and malaria. Ill people can’t work so they’re helping and may need expensive health care. If a government spends money on healthcare then development can’t happen

Question 22

Factors that affect development of a country: Colonialism

Answer 22

Countries that were colonised are lower developed when they gained independence than if they weren’t colonised. Africa became very dependent on Europe which led to famine because raw materials were taken from them

Question 23

Factors that affect development of a country: Neo-colonialism

Answer 23

Richer countries still control poorer countries even after gaining independence (indirectly). Big TNCs exploit cheap labour and raw materials. International organisations sometimes ofer conditional loans which means poorer countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to

Question 24

Inequalities

Answer 24

Top 20% of countries have 70% of the wealth

Question 25

How many quintiles are there

Answer 25

5

Question 26

Social and political effects on inequality: Education

Answer 26

Poorer countries can’t afford as much into education as rich ones. Poor families can’t afford school fees and children work at home from a young age. Lack of education means less skilled people which leads to poor jobs

Question 27

Social and political effects on inequality: Politics

Answer 27

Poverty can lead to civil wars that then get more funding than education which leads to poverty and crime. Poor countries rely on rich ones which then leads to less influence in regional or global decisions

Question 28

Social and political effects on inequality: Health

Answer 28

People in developing have higher risks of getting diseases and not afford the health care. Higher infant and maternal deaths.

Question 29

Environmental problems:

Answer 29

As people eat and consume more it puts pressure on the world to keep up with the demand. Higher pollution ans deforestation levels.

Question 30

Rostow’s theory

Answer 30

1) Farming, fishing (traditional society)
2) Roads are being built and trading starts (pre-take off)
3) Large scale industrialisation (take off)
4) Economy grows so people get wealthier (drive to maturity)
5) Lots of trades, high levels of consumption (mass consumption)