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Psychology > Topic 2- Memory > Flashcards

Topic 2- Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Encoding

A

The information must be translated into a form so that it can be held in your brain

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2
Q

Storage

A

The information is kept in your brain for a period of time – possibly even a lifetime

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of being able to access information that has been stored in your brain and being able to use it

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4
Q

Visual encoding

A

Memories which are stored visually

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5
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Memories which are stored in terms of what they sound like

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6
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Memories which are stored according to their meaning

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7
Q

Tactile encoding

A

Memories of what things feel like (physically)

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8
Q

Olfactory encoding

A

Memories of what things smell like

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9
Q

Long term memory

A

Has very large capacity and very long duration. Coding is mainly semantic. This is our permanent memory

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10
Q

Short term memory

A

Has limited capacity and limited duration. Info tends to be in terms of sound. It’s a temporary store – info disappears or past to long-term memory if repeated

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11
Q

Recognition

A

E.G.seeing someone being able to identify who they are – which is different from trying to recall what someone looks like

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12
Q

Cued recall

A

You try and remember a piece of info when someone gives you a clue and you can remember it

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13
Q

Free recall

A

Recall with no cues

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14
Q

Baddeley’s study

A 
4 Groups- AB were short term CD were long term.
List A-acoustically similar
List B- acoustically dissimilar
List C-semantically similar
List D-semantically dissimilar
STM is acoustic and LTM is semantic
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15
Q

Baddeley positive well controlled which enhances validity

A

Study was in lab conditions so no other factors would influence participants ability to recall the lists.
Bad hearing could be EV- bad hearing could mean get similar sounding words mixed up so Baddeley gave all participants a hearing test

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16
Q

Baddeley negative- overlooked cases where encountering STM is visual rather than acoustic

A

Used articulate stimuli and if different stimuli used the encoding may not be acoustic. In a different study, it was found that participants used visual for STM when encoding visual info. Normally we change visual images into verbal codes in STM but bit always be case- espic. if visual info is presented. This shows encoding STM isn’t always acoustic

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17
Q

Baddeley negative- might not be testing LTM at all

A

LTM was tested by waiting just 20mins. But there are things in a day we remember for 20mons but don’t remember the next day. Recall might not rly be LTM. Baddeley might not have been testing what he claimed to be testing

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18
Q

Semantic

A

A LT Store for our knowledge of the world. Includes facts and our knowledge of words and what concepts mean. These memories need to be recalled deliberately
E.g. Capital of London

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19
Q

Procedural memory

A

LTM store of HOW to do things. Include learnt skills. Recall these without conscious or deliberate effort.
E.g. tying laces

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20
Q

Episodic

A

LTM store for personal events. Includes memories of when the event occluded and of the people, objects, places and behaviours involved. Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort.

21
Q

Research supports that there are 3 different types of LTM

A

Researchers have found support for this e.g. episodic is associated with the right prefrontal are, semantic with the left prefrontal and procedural with the motor area. This shows there are different types of LTM

22
Q

Procedural memories are separate from episodic

A

Clive wearing had an infection in his brain and he lost all his memory of the past but not how to play the piano or conduct a choir. This shows there are different types of LTM

23
Q

Isn’t a clear difference between episodic and semantic memories

A

Amnesic patients retain some of their semantic memories such as language. Most of our memories are a fusion of episodic and semantic ones. Therefore the idea of 3 stores of memories is too neat and tidy to be true.

24
Q

Multi store model

A

A representation of how memory works in terms of 3 stores called sensory register, STM and LTM. Also describes how info is transferred, remembered and forgotten.

25
Q

Sensory register

A

Memory store for our 5 senses such as vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic). Coding in the iconic store is visual and the echoic is acoustic. Capacity is huge and info lasts very short

26
Q

Coding

A

Once info gets into memory system it is stored in different formats depending on the the memory store. It’s the process of converting info from one form to another

27
Q

Capacity

A

Amount of info that can be held in a memory store

28
Q

Duration

A

Length of time info can be held in a memory store

29
Q

Long Term memory

A

Permanent memory store.
Coding mainly semantic.
Unlimited capacity.
Store memories up to a life time

30
Q

Short term memory

A

Limited capacity- 5 to 9 pieces
Coding mainly acoustic (sounds)
Duration between 18-30 sec

31
Q

Ionic

A

Visual sensory store

32
Q

Echoic

A

Acoustic sensory store

33
Q

Haptic

A

Tactile sensory store

34
Q

Taste sensory store

A

Gustatory

35
Q

Smell sensory store

A

Olfactory

36
Q

Sensory register- coding

A

Coding - stored in raw unprocessed form and separate sensory store for different sensory inputs

37
Q

Sensory register- duration

A

Less than 1/2 a second

38
Q

Sensory register- capacity

A

High capacity

E.g. eye has 100 million cells

39
Q

STM- coding

A

Mainly acoustically

40
Q

STM- Duration

A

About 30 seconds

41
Q

STM- capacity

A

Between 5-9 pieces of info

42
Q

LTM- coding

A

Tends to be semantically

43
Q

LTM- duration

A

Can be a life time

44
Q

LTM capacity

A

Unlimited

45
Q

Info only gets passed on if…

A

You pay attention to it.

46
Q

Maintenance rehearsal occurs…

A

When we repeat material over and over to ourselves. This keeps info in STM if you do enough it gets passed on for STM

47
Q

One strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies

A

Baddeley found that we mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs. We mix up words that have similar meanings when we are using our LTMs

48
Q

A limition of the MSM is that there is more than one type of STM

A

MSM suggests that we only have 1 type of of STMbut research shows that each of these stores has separate parts. STM is divided into visual and acoustic stores. This shows our memory is too complicated than the MSM originally proposed.

Psychology (2 decks)

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