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Biology Paper 1 > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What caused communicable diseases?

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

How big are bacteria?

A

Bacteria are very small

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3
Q

What do bacteria do to cells?

A

They produce toxins that damage cells and tissue

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4
Q

Why are bacteria dangerous?

A

The reproduce rapidly

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5
Q

How big are viruses?

A

Viruses are smaller than body cells

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6
Q

Why are viruses dangerous?

A

The live inside cells and replicate themselves rapidly

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7
Q

How are cells damaged by viruses?

A

The cells burst and release new viruses

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8
Q

What makes you feel ill when you have a virus?

A

The cell damage

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9
Q

What type of cells are protists?

A

They are single called eukaryotes

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10
Q

How are protists transferred?

A

By a vector

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11
Q

What are some fungi made from?

A

They are made from hyphae which grows and penetrated skin

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12
Q

What does hyphae produce?

A

Spores which spread across the skin

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13
Q

How is cholera spread?

A

It is spread by drinking contaminated water

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14
Q

What type of disease is cholera?

A

A bacterial disease

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15
Q

How is the influenza virus spread?

A

Droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing

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16
Q

How is athletes foot spread?

A

It is a fungus that is spread by touch on shower floor or towels

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17
Q

How is measles spread?

A

It is spread through droplets in the air

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18
Q

What are some symptoms from measles?

A

Red skin rash or fever

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19
Q

Why is measles dangerous?

A

It can lead to pneumonia or brain infection

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20
Q

How can measles be prevented?

A

Vaccination

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21
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact, through bodily fluids and shared needles

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22
Q

What are some symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms

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23
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

Antiretroviral drugs which stop the virus spreading

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24
Q

Why is HIV dangerous?

A

The virus attacks immune cells and makes the sufferer more susceptible to disease

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25
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus do?

A

It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves making them discoloured

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26
Q

Why is the tobacco mosaic virus bad for plants?

A

They can not photosynthesise as well which affects plant growth

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27
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

In water or the wind

28
Q

What type of disease is the rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease

29
Q

Why is rose black spot bad for plants?

A

Makes purple black spots on leaves which turn yellow and drop off

30
Q

How is rose black spot treated?

A

Fungicides or stripping leaves

31
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Through vectors

32
Q

How is malaria treated?

A

Insecticides is mosquito netsuke

33
Q

What does malaria cause?

A

Fever

34
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Contaminated food

35
Q

What type of disease is salmonella?

A

Bacterial

36
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

37
Q

What is gonorrhoes caused by?

A

Bacteria

38
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when urinate or yellow discharge

39
Q

Why does penicillin not work for gonorrhoea anymore?

A

Some are resistant

40
Q

How can you stop the spread of disease?

A

Hygienic, destroying vectors, isolation and vaccination

41
Q

What is a barrier for humans?

A

Skin as it also secretes antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens

42
Q

What do hairs and mucus do?

A

Trap particles that could contain pathogens

43
Q

What do the trachea and bronchi do?

A

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens

44
Q

What are the trachea and bronchi lines with?

A

Cilia which waft mucus up to be swallowed

45
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Consume, produce antibodies and antitoxins to combat pathogens

46
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

White blood cells engulf cells and digest them

47
Q

How do white blood cells produce antibodies?

A

When come across foreign antigen they produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto invading cells to be destroyed

48
Q

What makes the anitibodies useful?

A

They won’t lock into other cells

49
Q

How do white blood cells produce antitoxins?

A

Counteract toxins by invading bacteria cells

50
Q

What do vaccinations involve?

A

Injecting a small amount of a dead pathogen that carry antigens

51
Q

What is the MMR vaccination?

A

Harmless amount of pathogen used in one vaccination

52
Q

What do painkiller do?

A

Relive pain and don’t reduce symptoms

53
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill bacteria

54
Q

What do antibiotics not do?

A

Destroy viruses

55
Q

How do you stop bacteria from becoming resistant?

A

Avoid over-prescribing and finish whole course

56
Q

Where is aspirin found?

A

Willow

57
Q

Where is digitalis found?

A

Foxgloves

58
Q

What did Alexander Fleming find?

A

Around mouldy was free of bacteria and that was called penicillin

59
Q

What is the first stage in drug testing?

A

Human cells and tissues but not for drugs that affect whole body

60
Q

What is the second step in drug testing?

A

Live animal testing - test efficiency, that it works, toxicity and best dosage

61
Q

What is the third stage in drug testing?

A

Clinical trial - test on humans for side effects and optimum dosage

62
Q

Why are clinical tests blind?

A

Sometimes often double blind so not influenced or false claims

63
Q

How are tumour cells noticed by monoclonal antibodies?

A

They have tumour markers

64
Q

What is an anti cancer drug?

A

Radioactive or normally toxic but stops cancer cells

65
Q

What do antibodies bind with to treat cancer cells?

A

Anti cancer drugs

66
Q

What are nitrates for in plants?

A

Make proteins for growth

67
Q

What are magnesium ions needed for in plants?

A

Chlorophyll

Biology Paper 1 (3 decks)

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