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Biology > Topic 3: DNA ad RNA > Flashcards

Topic 3: DNA ad RNA Flashcards

1
Q

single copy genes

A

Introns and Exons

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2
Q

Introns

A
  • includes Onko genes which control when the cell divides -> cancer and tumr
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3
Q

Exons

A

information fr characteristics

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4
Q

Gene

A
  • unique
  • bit of DNA
  • may be coded but not switched on
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5
Q

DNA strand

A

includes repetitive sequence

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6
Q

Melanie

A

colour pigment

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7
Q

Mutations

A
  • change to DNA sequence
  • when dNA code goes wrong during the numerous times it codes itself
  • goes into G0 but not all do
  • rare that it has good effects
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8
Q

Mutations are caused by

A
  • Radiation (alpha, beta, gamma)
  • Ultra violet radaition
  • Infra-red radiation
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9
Q

Carcinogens

A
  • causes mutations
  • specifically damages onko genes
  • tar, benzines, smell of petro, time
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10
Q

Types of Mutation

A
  • Deletion: knocks some out
  • Duplication: copies twice instead of one (cell made the mistake)
  • Inversion: code swapped itself
  • Insertion: bit of DNA from one chromosome gets inserted into another
  • Translocation: mispalced and cannot be found anymore
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11
Q

Genotype

A

two genes for a trait

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression

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13
Q

Transcription

A
  • making a copy of the anti-sense strand of the gene
  • RNA polymerase identifies the start area by reading the anti-sense strand
  • unwinds the gene
  • starts to make a copy and make (mRNA) meseder RNA
  • reach stop code
  • reading in 5’ to 3’ direction so mRNA is created in 3’ to 5’ direction
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14
Q

RNA uses thymin instead of

A

uracil

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15
Q

Triplet/codon

A

each three base

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16
Q

Uracil

A

new pyrimindine base

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17
Q

Nucleotide

A

smallest unit in DNA

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18
Q

DNA vs RNA

A
  • never has thymine, uses uracil

- still uses 2 H bonds and join to A

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19
Q

‘Frame’ of chromosomes

A

formed by nucleosomes holding the DNA together

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20
Q

Histones

A

lump of protein

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21
Q

Linker proteins and histones

A

coil DNA and makes a bundle of DNA

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22
Q

Supercoiled coiled chromosomes

A

`

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23
Q

leading strand

A

anti-sense strand

24
Q

rRNA

A
  • ribosomal RNA

- major component of ribosmes

25
Q

tRNA

A
  • transfer RNA
  • carries amino acids to mRNA
  • an interpreter in translation
26
Q

DNA Replication

A
  • during mitosis/cell reproduction
27
Q

DNA replication 1

A 
1. Helicase enzyme breaks the
hydrogen bonds between
complementary base pairs. This
unzips the double helix at a
position called the replication
fork- there can be many of these
along the strand. Proteins on the
outside and hold the 2 strands
apart
28
Q

DNA replication 2

A
  1. There is an huge supply of
    nucleotides in the nucleus for the
    formation of the new
    polynucleotides
29
Q

DNA replication 3

A
  1. Nucleotides base pair to the

bases in the original strands

30
Q

DNA replication 4

A
  1. DNA polymerase III joins together
    the nucleotides together with
    strong covalent bonds to form a
    new complementary DNA strand
31
Q

DNA replication 5

A
  1. The double strand reforms a
    double helix under the influence
    of an enzyme.
32
Q

DNA replication 6

A
  1. The double strand reforms a
    double helix under the influence
    of an enzyme
33
Q

DNA replication 7

A
  1. Two copies of the DNA molecule
    form behind the replication fork.
    These are the new daughter
    chromosomes
34
Q

DNA replication occurs in the direction of

A

5’ to 3’

35
Q

Enzymes that help with DNA replication

A 
Helicase
DNA polymerase III,
RNA primase
DNA polymerase I
DNA ligase
36
Q

Synthesis of leading strand

A
  • priming (primase)
  • elogation (DNA polymerase)
  • replacement of RNA primer by DNA (DNA polymerase)
37
Q

Synthesis of lagging strand

A
  • priming for Okazaki fragment (primase)
  • elogation of fragment (DNA polymerase)
  • replacement of RNA primer by DNA (DNA polymerase)
  • joining of fragments (ligase)
38
Q

Double helix unwinds, helped by (enzymes)

A

helicases and single-strand binding proteins

39
Q

DNA Helicase

A

snaps H bonds and opens up DNA in 5’

to 3’ direction

40
Q

RNA Primase

A

adds RNA ‘primer’ start and stop codes

to the DNA

41
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

joins complimentary bases
(nucleoside triphosphates) to make one continuous
complimentary strand in leading strand
- can only add deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to a free 3’ end
of an existing nucleotide strand, using the hydrolysis of phosphate groups to provide
the energy to make covalent bonds

42
Q

DNA Polymerase II

A

does the same in the lagging

strand (non-continuous)

43
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

removes RNA primers and replaces

with DNA nucleotides

44
Q

DNA Ligase

A

adds phosphates to the sugar-phosphate

backbones

45
Q

DNA Nuclease

A

checks/proof-reads complimentary

strand for mistakes

46
Q

Highly reptetive sequence

A
  • used for genetic fingerprinting

- in non conding DNA (45%)

47
Q

Single copy genes/unique genes

A
  • codes for polypeptides and proteins

- 1.5%

48
Q

`

A
  • 3% controlling stop or start switch
49
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription
Uses DNA as template

Similar to DNA polymerase but only facilitates a reaction on one side of the strand

RNA polymerase: opens up, then reads the ‘antisense’ DNA strand of a gene in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
It makes a mRNA copy.
The copied strand leaves the nucleus and is ‘read’ at the ribosome- in the 5’ to 3’ direction (remember- it’s a copy!)

50
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

Encodes genetic info from DNA and convey it to the ribosomes, where the info is translated into amino acid sequences

51
Q

Transcription (Formation of mRNA)

A

The process by which RNA is made from a DNA template
Purpose: to read the DNA, one gene at a time. RNA polymerase starts transcription.
Complimentary RNA strand is formed from free nucleoside triphosphate molecules in the nucleus- it has an extra P for energy!
RNA is assembled in the 5’ 3’ direction
Bubbles open- instead of unzipping

52
Q

Translation (protein synthesis)

A

(at ribosome)
mRNA codons get “read” by the ribosome.
tRNA brings matching anticodon to codon.
Amino acid associated with that tRNA drops onto polypeptide chain

53
Q

Polypeptide

A

string of amino acids

54
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize protein (polypeptide chains) in a process called Translation.

55
Q

code is

A 
degenerate
Degenerate- each amino acid can by synthesized by more than one codon.
and universal (found in all liiving thigns)
56
Q

What section of DNA makes one polypeptide?

A

One gene  one polypeptide

A “gene” is defined as such because it contains the code for making ONE polypeptide.

Each polypeptide can draw its origins back to ONE gene.

Biology (3 decks)

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