topic 4

Question 1

describe the process of evolution

Answer 1

1. natural genetic variation creates diversity
2. selection pressure makes a specific allele advantageous
3. more likely to survive and reproduce
4. increase in advantageous allele over generations in response to selection pressure

Question 2

what is biodiversity?

Answer 2

measured within a single species by measuring genetic diversity and within a habitat by measuring species richness, species evenness, and/or biodiversity index

Question 3

what are anatomical adaptations?

Answer 3

structures that can be seen, observed, or dissected that help an organism to survive and reproduce

Question 4

what are behavioural adaptations?

Answer 4

an action by an organism that helps them survive and reproduce

Question 5

what is inbreeding depression?

Answer 5

closely related individuals breeding which increases recessive allele frequency and a loss of genetic diversity. higher chance of recessive conditions

Question 6

what is genetic diversity/variation?

Answer 6

the measure of diversity within a single species. measures the number of different alleles present in a gene pool

Question 7

what are the taxonomic groups?

Answer 7

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 8

how would species evenness be measured in a habitat?

Answer 8

how many of each of the different species are present in a habitat

Question 9

how is species richness used to measure biodiversity in a habitat?

Answer 9

the total number of different species present in a habitat

Question 10

what is the structure and role of the xylem?

Answer 10

• hollow dead tubes
• carry water and mineral ions
• have pits for lateral movement of water
• lignin making them strong and waterproof
• moves water via transpiration
• structural role

Question 11

what is the structure and role of the sclerenchyma?

Answer 11

• hollow dead tubes
• strengthened by lignin
• structural support only

Question 12

what is the role and structure of lignin?

Answer 12

strong waterproof material in walls of xylem and sclerenchyma. laid down in a spiral formation

Question 13

what are the 3 phases of a clinical trial?

Answer 13

1. small group of healthy volunteers - side effects
2. small group of volunteer patients - effectiveness and dosage
3. large group of patients - double blind trial for effectiveness

Question 14

what is a physiological adaptation?

Answer 14

the inner workings of an organism that help it to survive and reproduce

Question 15

what is genetic drift?

Answer 15

loss of genetic variation over time in a small population

Question 16

what is the phenotype?

Answer 16

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Question 17

what is the genotype?

Answer 17

the combination of alleles inherited from parents

Question 18

what is the structure and role of the phloem?

Answer 18

• comprised of sieve tubes and companion cells
• hollow non-lignified tubes
• carry sugars in a plant via translocation

Question 19

what is the transpiration stream?

Answer 19

continuous flow of water out of the stomata of a leaf. evaporation provides energy. cohesion and adhesion of water provides a continuous stream

Question 20

what is cohesion of water molecules?

Answer 20

hydrogen bonding between water molecules

Question 21

what is adhesion of water molecules?

Answer 21

hydrogen bonding between water molecules and the cell wall