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biology flashcards-ms > Topic 4 - Genetic info, variation and relationship between organisms > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Genetic info, variation and relationship between organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Give 2 structural differences between tRNA and mRNA

A
  1. tRNA is cloverleaf, mRNA is linear
  2. tRNA has hydrogen bonds, mRNA doesn’t
  3. tRNA has anticodon, mRNA has codons
  4. tRNA has amino acid binding sites, mRNA doesn’t
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2
Q

Describe and explain how pre-mRNA and mRNA are different

A

pre-mRNA has introns
due to splicing

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3
Q

Describe how one amino acid is added to a polypeptide that is being formed at a ribosome during translation

A
  1. tRNA brings specific amino acid (to ribosome)
  2. Anitcodon binds to codon
  3. Amino acid join by condensation reaction, using ATP
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4
Q

Describe how mRNA is produced from an exposed template strand of DNA

A
  1. nucleotides (free RNA) form complementary base pairs
  2. phosphodiester bonds form
  3. by DNA polymerase
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5
Q

Describe how mRNA is formed by transcription in eukaryotes

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds break
  2. Only one DNA strand acts as a template
  3. Free RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing
  4. Uracil pairs with adenine
  5. RNA polymerase joins adjacent RNA nucleotides together
  6. Phosphodiester bonds
  7. pre-mRNA is spliced to remove introns
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6
Q

Describe how a polypeptide is formed by translation of mRNA

A
  1. mRNA attaches to ribosome
  2. tRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons
  3. tRNA brings specific amino acid
  4. Amino acids joins by peptide bonds
  5. with use of ATP
  6. tRNA released
  7. ribosome moves along the mRNA to form a polypeptide
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7
Q

Describe the role of a ribosome in the production of a polypeptide

A
  1. mRNA binds to ribosome
  2. Idea of two codons
  3. tRNA with anticodons bind
  4. catalyses the formation of peptide bonds between AMINO ACIDS
  5. moves along
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8
Q

Describe how mRNA is produced in a plant cell

A
  1. DNA strands separate by breaking the hydrogen bonds
  2. only one strand acts as a template
  3. complementary base pairing
  4. (RNA) nucleotides joined by RNA polymerase
  5. pre-mRNA formed
  6. splicing removes introns
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9
Q

What is meant by degenerate?

A

More than 1 codon for each amino acid

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10
Q

What is meant by proteome?

A

Full range of proteins that a cell can produce

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11
Q

Describe how a gene is a code for the production of a polypeptide

A
  1. Base sequence
  2. In triplets
  3. Determine the sequence of amino acids
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12
Q

Define exon

A

Base sequence coding for a polypeptide

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13
Q

Describe how a phosphodiester bod is formed between 2 nucleotides within a DNA molecule

A
  1. condensation reaction
  2. between the deoxyribose and phosphate
  3. catalysed by DNA polymerase
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14
Q

Define non-coding and where the non-coding multiple repeats are positioned in genes

A
  1. DNA sequence that doesn’t code for a protein
  2. positioned between genes
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15
Q

Give 3 ways in which DNA in chloroplasts is different from DNA in the nucleus

A
  1. shorter
  2. not associated with histones
  3. no introns
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16
Q

Give a difference between RNA and DNA

A
  1. RNA- ribose whereas DNA- deoxyribose
  2. RNA- uracil whereas DNA- thymine
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17
Q

Compare and contrast the DNA in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

BOTH- phosphodiester bonds, same nucleotide structure
CONTRAST- E- longer P- shorter
E- introns P- no introns
E- DNA is associated with histones P- DNA is not associated with histones
E-linear P-circular

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18
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

Chromosomes that carry the same genes in the same loci

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19
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The number of different alleles of each gene

20
Q

Define the term courtship in animal behaviour and state its purpose

A

Courtship behaviour is a series of acts that stimulates mating
Purpose- selection of the fittest mate

21
Q

Give two ways in which courtship increases the probability of successful mating

A

Attracts the same species
Attracts the opposite sex
Indication of sexual maturity
Stimulates the release of gametes
Forms a pair bond

22
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

23
Q

Define species richness

A

The number of different species in a community

24
Q

Define community

A

All of the individuals of all the species living together in one area at the same time

25
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar organisms that reproduce to produce fertile offspring

26
Q

Define niche

A

An organisms role in an ecosystem/community

27
Q

Define habitat

A

A place where an organism normally lives in an ecosystem

28
Q

Define hierarchy

A

(Smaller) groups within (larger) groups
No overlaps between groups

29
Q

Give 2 reasons why populations may show low levels of genetic diversity

A

Hunting
Inbreeding
Population may have been very small
Population might have started off with a small number of individuals

30
Q

After the forest was cleared the species diversity of insects in the area decreased. Explain why

A
  1. Decrease in variety of plants / fewer plant species;
  2. Accept: reference to monoculture or description
  3. Neutral: fewer plants
  4. Fewer habitats / niches;
  5. Neutral: fewer homes / less shelter
  6. Decrease in variety of food / fewer food sources;
  7. Neutral: less food
  8. Accept: less variety of prey
31
Q

Give 3 ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating

A
  1. Recognise / identify / attract same species;
    Ignore: references to letting them produce fertile offspring
  2. Stimulates / synchronises mating / production / release of gametes;
  3. Recognition / attraction of mate / opposite sex;
    Accept finding a mate
    Accept: gender
  4. Indication of (sexual) maturity / fertility / receptivity / readiness to mate;
  5. Formation of a pair bond / bond between two organisms (to have / raise
    young).
32
Q

Describe the use for ATP and NADPH

A
33
Q

Describe what happens in the photolysis of water

A
34
Q

Name the process in which cells become specialised

A

Differentiation/specialisation

35
Q

Explain one way in which a plant cell is adapted for photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts
absorb light

36
Q

Give 2 factors that might increase the frequency at which a mutation in DNA occurs

A

high energy radiation / X rays / ultraviolet light / gamma rays;
high energy particles / alpha particles / beta particles;
named chemical mutagens e.g. benzene / caffeine / pesticide /
mustard gas / tobacco tar / free radicals;
(two named examples of any of the above = 2 marks)
length of time of exposure (to a mutagen);
dosage (of mutagen);

37
Q

Explain how the change in a sequence of DNA bases could result in a non-functional enzyme

A

Change in (sequence of) amino acids / primary structure;
Change in hydrogen / ionic / disulfide bonds leads to change in tertiary
structure / active site (of enzyme);
Substrate cannot bind / no enzyme-substrate complexes form;

38
Q

2 characteristic features of stem cells

A

Alters base / nucleotide sequence / causes frame shift;
Different sequence of amino acids in polypeptide / protein / primary
structure alters the tertiary structure

39
Q
A

Affects tumour suppressor gene;
Inactivates (tumour suppressor) gene;
Rate of cell division increased / tumour cells continue to divide;

40
Q
A

Alters base / nucleotide sequence / causes frame shift;
Different sequence of amino acids in polypeptide / protein / primary
structure alters the tertiary structure;

41
Q

Explain why it is more useful to calculate an index of diversity than ti record species richness

A

Index of diversity also measure abundance/number of each species
Useful as there may be many of some species OR few of other species

42
Q

What data would the students need to collect to calculate the index of diversity of each habitat

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of each species

43
Q

Give two ways in which the student could ensure that their index of diversity was representative of each habitat

A

Random samples
Large number of samples

44
Q

Why does biodiversity decrease when farmers use larger fields- removal of hedges too

A

Fewer species

45
Q

Farmers are now encourafed to replant hedges on their land
Suggest and explain an advantage and a disadvantage to a farmer of replanting hedges on her farmland

A

Pros- greater biodiversity so increase in predator for pests
Increase in pollinators so more yield
May attract more tourists to their farm so more income

Cons- reduced land area for crop growth/income
Greater biodiversity so increase pest population

biology flashcards-ms (6 decks)

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