topic 5 : Health and Disease

Question 1

what is the definition of Health

Answer 1

a state of both physical and mental wellbeing.

Question 2

name the 4 types of pathogens

Answer 2

.protist
.fungi
.virus
.bacteria

Question 3

what is a pathogen

Answer 3

a microorganism that can cause disease

Question 4

ways in which disease can be spread

Answer 4

Air- through water droplets when we cough or sneeze

water-when contaminated with the disease

direct contact-touching the infected organism

contaminated food-when ingesting foods that contain the disease

Question 4

what are viruses

Question 5

give attributes of viruses

Answer 5

.non-living organisms

.are unable to reproduce unless they are inside another organism

.they reproduce inside the cells of another organism and them burst the cell

Question 6

give three examples of viral disease

Answer 6

-measles
-HIV
-tobacco mosaic virus

Question 7

how is measles spread and what the symptoms

Answer 7

.spread through water droplets when the infected sneeze or cough

.symptoms include:
- red rash across the body
-fever
-can be fatal but can be vaccinated against

Question 8

how is HIV spread and what does it do

Answer 8

.spread through bodily fluids

.when you first catch the disease you will get flu like symptoms

.over time the virus targets the immune system making people more susceptible to catching other infections and not being able to fight it off

Question 9

how is tobacco mosaic virus spread and what are the symptoms

Answer 9

.a viral plant disease spread through direct contact

.only effect certain plants (tobacco and tomato)

.causes a brownish red mosaic like patches on the leaf of the plant and makes it unable to properly photosynthesis so it can’t really grow

Question 10

is bacteria multicellular or unicellular

Answer 10

multicellular

Question 11

name the 3 bacterial diseases

Answer 11

chlamydia
salmonella
gohnoreaha

Question 12

what are the 3 main causes of plant disease

Answer 12

.infections from , bacteria, fungi or viruses

.attack by lager organism’s such as insects

.lack of essential minerals

Question 13

why do plants need nitrates and magnesium ions

Answer 13

nitrates: to make proteins to grow

magnesium ions: to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Question 14

how would you spot nitrate deficiency

Answer 14

stunted growth

Question 15

how would you spot a magnesium ion deficiency in plants and why

Answer 15

Magnesium is required to produce chlorophyll, which is the green pigment in chloroplasts that makes leaves green. So lack of magnesium will mean that leaves lose their green colour.

Question 16

what are symptoms that plants have a disease

Answer 16

.abnormal lumps

.patches of decay

.discolouration on leaves

.malformed stems and leaves

Question 17

what are physical plant defences

Answer 17

.waxy cuticle to prevent pathogens from entering

.cellulose on the cell wall

.a dead layer of cells (bark)

Question 18

what are some chemical plant defences

Answer 18

.anti-microbial chemicals that kill fungi and bacteria

.poisons that kill insects

Question 19

what are some mechanical defences that plants have

Answer 19

.thorns or hairs on the plant stem

.leaves that sag/droop when insects land on them

Question 20

how can plant diseases be identified

Answer 20

.Compare the symptoms to a gardening manual or website

.Take the infected plants to a laboratory (plant pathologist) to identify the pathogen

.trial and error with different means of treatment

Question 21

medication to treat cardiovascular disease

Answer 21

statins: decrease blood cholesterol which decreases the rate fatty materials build up

Question 22

what are the three possible surgical procedures to treat cardiovascular disease

Answer 22

.bypass- inserting blood vessels from another part of the body to supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients again

.stents- widen blood vessels to allow blood to flow easier

.transplant- in extreme cases patients receive a doner heart

Question 23

lifestyle changes to treat cardiovascular disease

Answer 23

no smoking
regular exercise
maintaining a healthy weight
diet low in saturated fats

Question 24

impact of smoking on developing cardiovascular disease

Answer 24

chemicals in cigarettes damage blood vessels, increase blood pressure making the vessels narrow and more prone to blood clots

Question 25

what are some physical and chemical barriers of plant defences

Answer 25

waxy cuticle
cell wall containing cellulose

some plants produce antiseptics that kill bacterial and fungal pathogens

Question 26

how can plant defences be used in medicine (name a medicine)

Answer 26

many medicines are developed from antiseptics produced by plants

aspirin

Question 27

chemical defence in humans against pathogens

Answer 27

.hydrochloric acid in the stomach
.lysozymes in tears

Question 28

physical barriers in human against pathogens

Answer 28

.skin
.cillia
.mucus

Question 29

what is herd immunity

Answer 29

when the majority of people in a group are immunised which provides protection to the few who are not as it decreases their chances of coming in contact with infected people

Question 30

advantages of immunisation

Answer 30

herd immunity will protect those unvaccinated by decrease the chances of coming in contact with someone

can protect against harmful disease

Question 31

what are vaccines made of and how do they work

Answer 31

made of weakened or inactive to trigger the production of antibodies for the specific illness

memory lymphocytes then remember this and so produce them.

Question 32

what do antibiotics actually do

Answer 32

they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not the host organsim

Question 33

describe the process of developing new medicines

Answer 33

preclinical: drugs tested on human cells and tissues

drug tested on live smaller animals to see if it is harmful and find a correct dosage

Clinical: drug tested on a small group of healthy volunteers to ensure it doesn’t have harmful side effects when the body is working normally

drug is tested on patients suffering from the illness and optimum dosage is found

drug tested on a larger group in blind tests where a placebo is used to test the effectiveness of the medication.

data is collected and if approved the drug can be used to treat patient

Question 34

disadvantages of immunisation

Answer 34

.doesn’t always work
.may cause bad reactions