Topic 4 - Kingdoms

Question 1

What are the 5 main classification kingdoms?

Answer 1

1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Fungi
4. Prokaryotes (bacteria)
5. Protoctist

Question 2

Which of the 5 main classification kingdoms are living organisms and which are non-living organisms?

Answer 2

Living organisms -
Eukaryotes = Plants, animals, fungi, protoctist
Prokaryotes = Bacteria

Non-living organisms -
Viruses

Question 3

Cellulose?

Answer 3

A carbohydrate which forms fibres and is found in the cell walls of plant cells.

Question 4

Glycogen?

Answer 4

The molecule that is used as an energy store in animal cells and fungi.

Question 5

Hypha (plural: hyphae)?

Answer 5

One of the long, thin threads of which the body of a fungus is made; each hypha is just one cell thick.

Question 6

Saprotrophs?

Answer 6

An organism that feeds on dead or dying organic matter, typically by excreting enzymes and absorbing the digested nutrients.

Question 7

Starch?

Answer 7

The molecule that is used as an energy store in plant cells.

Question 8

Binomial naming

Answer 8

= genus + species

Question 9

Animals:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 9

Animal cells are multicellular

Question 10

Animals:
How do animals get nutrients?

Answer 10

They get nutrients by digesting the food they eat

Question 11

Animals:
How do animals store carbohydrates?

Answer 11

They store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen

Question 12

Animals:
What are the key features of animal cells?

Answer 12

Most animals have some kind of nervous coordination, this means they can respond rapidly to change in their environment.

Question 13

Animals:
Give an example from each of the following groups: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and insects.

Answer 13

Mammals: whale
Bird: dove
Fish: salmon
Reptiles: snake
Amphibian: frog
Insects: mosquito

Question 14

Plants:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 14

Plant organisms are multicellular.

Question 15

Plants:
How do plants get nutrients?

Answer 15

Plants get nutrients by using photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon dioxide and water from their air and soil. Within the plant cell the water is oxidized. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose.

Question 16

Plants:
What structures do they have in their cells that enable them to do this?

Answer 16

They have chloroplasts which means they have photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight.

Question 17

Plants:
Do plants have cells walls? If so, what are they made from?

Answer 17

Yes, plants have cell walls. The cell walls are made of cellulose, which means a carbohydrate which forms fibers and is found in the cell walls of a plant cell.

Question 18

Plants:
How do plants store carbohydrates?

Answer 18

Plant cells store carbohydrates as starch.

Question 19

Plants:
Give an example of a flowering plant and a herbaceous plant.

Answer 19

An example of flowering plant is cereal (such as maize) and an example for herbaceous are peas or beans.

Question 20

Fungi:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 20

About 90% of fungi organisms are multicellular

Question 21

Fungi:
How do fungi obtain nutrients?

Answer 21

Fungi obtain nutrients through a process absorptive heterotrophy, which is where the fungi gives enzymes away to break down complex organic molecules in their environment and then absorbing the resulting nutrients across their cell walls.

Question 22

Fungi:
What structures do multicellular fungi usually have?

Answer 22

Hyphae and mycelium

Question 23

Fungi:
How do fungi store carbohydrates?

Answer 23

Fungi store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen, which is similar to the way animals store carbohydrates.

Question 24

Fungi: Do fungi have cells walls? If so, what are they made from?

Answer 24

They do have cell walls and they are made of chitin

Question 25

Fungi:
Give an example of both a unicellular and multicellular fungus.

Answer 25

Yeast is unicellular fungi and mushrooms and multicellular fungi.

Question 26

Protoctista:
Chlorella?

Answer 26

Type of algae that grows in fresh water

Question 27

Protoctista:
Amoeba?

Answer 27

Mostly found in ponds

Question 28

Protoctista:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 28

They are microscopic single-celled organisms, so they are unicellular.

Question 29

Protoctista:
How do Protoctista get nutrients?

Answer 29

Depending on the Protoctista it gets nutrients in different ways, for example Chlorella uses photosynthesis to get food because again it is having similar structures to plant cells. But amoeba gets nutrients from saprotrophs (an organism that feeds on dead or dying organic matters, typically by, excreting enzymes and absorbing the digested nutrients. Other Protoctista use diffusion by absorbing nutrients from the outside into the cell to get food

Question 30

Protoctista:
Do Protoctista have cells walls?

Answer 30

Yes, but it depends on the type of cell, for example chlorella have cell walls because they have similar features to plant cells, but amoeba don’t have cell walls because they are more similar to animal cells which DON’T have cell walls.

Question 31

Protoctista:
Why are Protoctista sometimes called the “dustbin kingdom”?

Answer 31

Because Protoctista have many different characteristics for example some have animal cell features, some have plant cell features, and some have both. So, they are very hard for scientist to classify so they are just called Protoctista and fall under the ”dustbin kingdom”

Question 32

Protoctista:
Give an example of a Protoctista which causes disease (a pathogen a microscopic organism that causes a disease)

Answer 32

A pathogenic Protoctista is Plasmodium responsible for causing malaria. For example, the Plasmodium gets inside the mosquitoes and then the mosquitoes transfer the Plasmodium into out blood stream when they bite us.

Question 33

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 33

Prokaryotes are the most common prokaryotic organism and commonly it is bacteria. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular (single-celled).

Question 34

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
What are the different ways that prokaryotes can obtain nutrients?

Answer 34

Most bacteria feed off other organisms, both living and dead. Some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis.

Question 35

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
Do prokaryotes have cells walls? If so, what are they made from?

Answer 35

Yes, they have cell walls. The cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan. A polymer of modified sugars crosslinked with short peptides that makes up the cell wall of prokaryotes.

Question 36

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 36

They have cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm and plasmids.

Question 37

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
How is genetic material organized in prokaryotes?

Answer 37

Though they don’t have a nucleus, they have a circular chromosome of DNA.

Question 38

What do the bacteria pictured on the left do?(Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Pneumococcus)

Answer 38

Lactobacillus – found in production of yogurt from milk
Salmonella – causes food poisoning
Pneumococcus – cause the disease pneumonia

Question 39

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
What do the bacteria pictured on the left do?

Answer 39

Lactobacillus – found in production of yogurt from milk
Salmonella – causes food poisoning
Pneumococcus – cause the disease pneumonia

Question 40

Viruses:
Why are viruses not classed as living organisms?

Answer 40

They don’t have any MRS C GREN processes. Viruses are submicroscopic particles; they don’t have cells.

Question 41

Viruses:
What do viruses do when they infect other cells?

Answer 41

The RNA or DNA in a virus enters our cells by connecting with the antigens
around the cell membrane and enters the cytoplasm. It enters the nucleus and injects the genetic information to duplicate itself, so that they could attack the other cells.

Question 42

Viruses:
Give three examples of viruses and the diseases that they cause.

Answer 42

SARS-cov 2 gives you Covid 19
HIV gives you immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Influenza virus gives you influenza (flu)

Question 43

Prokaryotes

Answer 43

Does not have a nucleus (unicellular) (DNA stored in cytoplasm)

Question 43

Eukaryote

Answer 43

Has a nucleus (multicellular mostly) (DNA stored in nucleus)