Topic 6 (muscles)

Question 1

What are the three types of muscles?

Answer 1

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscles

Question 2

What is smooth muscle and where is it found?

Answer 2

Smooth muscle is an involuntary muscle that has one nucleus, tapered and non-striated, and it is found in the walls of hollow organs

Question 3

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 3

Cardiac muscle is striated muscle, involuntary, single nucleus and branched muscle found in the heart

Question 4

What are skeletal muscles

Answer 4

They are voluntary, striated, multinuclear, non branched muscle

Question 5

What are the functions of skeletal muscles

Answer 5

Movement, maintain posture, temperature (making heat), storage and movement of materials, support, and stabilize

Question 6

What are the segments of muscle

Answer 6

The bundles inside the muscle are called fascicles, each fascicle has many muscle fibers, myofibril inside the muscle fiber, a sarcomere which is a segment of the myofibril, then the smallest subunit microfilaments (actin and myosin)

Question 7

What is the epimysium

Answer 7

IT is a dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle

Question 8

What’s the purpose of the connective tissue in bone

Answer 8

Protection, site for blood vessel and nerve fibre distribution, attachment of the muscle to the skeleton

Question 9

What are the three types of connective tissue in the muscle

Answer 9

EPimysium (entire muscle), perimysium (surrounds the fascicles), endomysium (areolar tissue that is inside of the subunits of the fascicles.

Question 10

What are the three types of connective tissue in the muscle

Answer 10

Epimysium (entire muscle), perimysium (surrounds the fascicles), endomysium (areolar tissue that is inside of the subunits of the fascicles.

Question 11

What is the myofibril a subunit of

Answer 11

Muscle fiber

Question 12

What are the myofilaments

Answer 12

They are the thin and thick filaments that basically row and allow the muscle to pull. The thin filament is the actin and the thick filament is the myosin

Question 13

Define the structure of myosin

Answer 13

The myos

Question 14

Define the process of the myofilaments contracting

Answer 14

The myofilaments strands don’t shorten but the myosin heads of thick filaments slide along actin

Question 15

What is a tendon

Answer 15

It is a merger of connective tissue at the muscle end so muscle to bone

Question 16

What does the origin mean

Answer 16

The origin is usually the one that doesn’t move during the movement of muscle

Question 17

What is insertion

Answer 17

The bone that moves the most

Question 18

What is the aponeurosis

Answer 18

It is a thin sheet of flattened connective tissue. They are attachment sites for muscles and allow for movement during contraction

Question 19

What is muscle tone

Answer 19

This is the baseline tension within a muscle so how much tension there is in its resting position so constant tension

Question 20

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction

Answer 20

This is when the muscle tension can overcome the load however isometric is when the muscle cannot contract because it cannot support the load

Question 21

What is the difference between the agonist vs the antagonist

Answer 21

The agonist is the prime mover so it is the muscle that creates the movement while the antagonist is a muscle that has a contraction movement opposite to that of the prime mover so the triceps is the antagonist for bicep

Question 22

Explain synergist

Answer 22

A muscle that assists the agonist in its functions

Question 23

What are the criteria for naming muscles?

Answer 23

Location, shape, size, the direction of muscle fibres, number of origins location of attachments, muscle action

Question 24

What is the trapezius?

Answer 24

The trapezius is a superior posterior muscle of the back. It originates on the spinous processes specifically the thoracic spinous process

Question 25

What is the agonist for arm flexion

Answer 25

The biceps brachii

Question 26

What is the origin and insertion of the bicep

Answer 26

The scapula or coracoid process of the scapula. The insertion is around the radius

Question 27

Where does the tricep insert and originate

Answer 27

It inserts in the olecranon it has three heads that originate around the scapula

Question 28

Which muscle originates at the clavicle

Answer 28

The deltoid muscle

Question 29

Which muscle inserts at the clavicle

Answer 29

The trapezius muscle

Question 30

Which muscle inserts into the intertubercular sulcus

Answer 30

The pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi

Question 31

Which part of the trapezius muscle is involved in retracting the scapula

Answer 31

The middle fibers

Question 32

Where does the deltoid muscle insert

Answer 32

It inserts in the deltoid tuberosity

Question 33

What two bones does the tricep originate

Answer 33

The posterior humerus and the scapula

Question 34

Which muscle is the prime mover of abduction and what is abduction

Answer 34

Abduction is raising your arm and this would be the deltoid

Question 35

What is the ilipsoas made of and what does it do

Answer 35

The illiacus and the psoas major. It helps with the flexion of the leg. The iliacus originates from the ilium, the psoas originates on the vertebrae and they both insert into the femur

Question 36

What is the gluteus maximus

Answer 36

It originates on the posterior portion of the ilium and inserts into the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. It helps with leg extension

Question 37

What is the biceps femoris

Answer 37

This is known as the hamstrings, it originates on the ischial tuberosity on the ischium and inserts in the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula

Question 38

What is the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 38

This muscle helps with extension at the knee and flexion at the hip. It originates

Question 39

What muscles originate on the ilium

Answer 39

The iliopsoas and the gluteus maximus

Question 40

Trapezius

Answer 40

The trapezius originates onto the occipital bone and thoracic vertebrae and inserts onto the acromion and spine of the scapula. It acts to manipulate the scapula.

Question 41

Pectoralis major

Answer 41

Originates from the sternal end of clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilage. Inserts in the intertubercular sulcus and greater tubercle and acts to adduct and medially rotate the arm

Question 42

Lattisimus dorsi

Answer 42

Originates from lower vertebrae and inserts into the intertubercular sulcus. It acts to extend the arm, arm abduction, and arm rotation.

Question 43

What is the thick filament

Answer 43

This is the protein myosin in the sarcomere it has a head and a tail. The head latches on to the thin filament

Question 44

What is the thin filament

Answer 44

The thin filament is made up of a protein called actin that attaches to each other and has a binding site for the myosin heads

Question 45

What is the sliding filament theory

Answer 45

It basically means the myosin filaments slide along the actin. The sarcomere becomes smaller but the length of the myofilaments remains the same.

Question 46

What is aponeurosis

Answer 46

This is a thin flattened connective tissue layer