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MED-109 Biology II > topic 7A: protists > Flashcards

topic 7A: protists Flashcards

1
Q

Domain Eukarya includes 4 kingdoms:

A
  • protists (microorganisms)
  • fungi (microorganisms)
  • plants (macro-organisms)
  • animals (macro-organisms)
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2
Q

what are the two eurkaryotic micro-organisms?

A
  • protists
  • fungi
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3
Q

what are the types of protists? give an example of each

A
  • protozoa (e.g. amoebas)
  • algae (e.g. seaweeds)
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4
Q

what are the types of fungi? give an example of each

A
  • unicellular fungi: yeasts (e.g. S. cerevisiae - baking yeast)
  • multicellular fungi (e.g. mushrooms, molds)
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5
Q

which of the types of protists are pathogenic?

A
  • protozoa is pathogenic
  • algae is non-pathogenic
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6
Q

which type of protist can be both unicellular and multicellular?

A
  • fungi - unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms
  • protists - mainly unicellular
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7
Q

describe the protist catgories:

A

(1) protozoa
- do not have cell wall or chlorophyll (no photosynthesis)
- mostly unicellular
- includes several pathogenic species => eukaryotic parasites
- example: amoebas

(2) algae
- non-pathogenic (no need to know)
- have cell wall and chlorophyll
- photosynthetic organisms
- some species are multicellular
- example: seaweed

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8
Q

besides the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya, with new phylogenetic analysis, we also have the division of the:

A

supergroups

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9
Q

what are the four supergroups of Eukarya?

SOS!!!

A

(1) Excavates
(2) SAR
(3) Archaeplastids
(4) Unikonts

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10
Q

what supergroup does the plant kingdom belong to?

SOS

A

Archaeplastids

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11
Q

what supergroup do animals and fungi belong to?

SOS

A

Unikonts

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12
Q

what are the 3 protist subgroups of the supergroup Excavates?

SOSSSSSS

A
  • diplomonads
  • parabasalids
  • euglenozoans
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13
Q

what is the supergroup Excavates characterized as?

A

it is characterized by the presence of a feeding groove in some members

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14
Q

list the subgroups of Excavates and an example of each

SOSSS

A

(1) diplomonads - Giardia Intestinalis
(2) parabasalids - Trichomonas vaginalis
(3) euglenozoans - Trypanosomes (which includes 2 pathogenic species in its genus)

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of Diplomonads?

A

flagellated protozoa with modified mitochondria

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16
Q

what is the type of modified mitochondria in Diplomonads?

SOS

A

mitosomes

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17
Q

since Diplomonads have modified mitochondria, what does that make them?

A

anaerobic organisms
(these organelles lack functional electron transport chains and hence cannot use oxygen to help extract energy from carbohydrates and other organic molecules)

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18
Q

what is an example of a Diplomonad parasite?

SOS

A

Giardia intestinalis or Giardia Lamblia

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19
Q

what does Giardia intestinalis cause?

SOS

A

it is a pathogenic parasite that causes gastroenteritis (food poisoning)

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20
Q

how does the transmission of Giardia intestinalis (or the disease it causes - gastroenteritis) occur?

SOS

A

food-borne disease

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of Parabasalids?

A

flagellated protozoa with modified mitochondria

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22
Q

what is the type of modified mitochondria in Parabasalids?

SOS

A

hydrogenosomes
(because they produce hydrogen gas as a byproduct)

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23
Q

what is an example of a Parabasalid parasite?

SOS

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

24
Q

what does Trichomonas vaginalis cause?

SOS

A
  • causes vaginitis in women
  • causes urethritis in men
25
Q

how does the transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis (or the disease it causes) occur?

A

sexually transmitted disease

26
Q

what are the morphological characteristics of Euglenozoans?

A

spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella

27
Q

what are the two types of Euglenozoa?

A
  • Kinetoplastids: include pathogenic species (e.g. trypanosomes)
  • Euglenids (non-pathogenic = don’t need to know)
28
Q

what is a characteristic of Kinetoplastids?

A

have a single mitochondrion

29
Q

what is an example of pathogenic species in Kinetoplastids?

A

Trypanosomes

30
Q

the genus of trypanosomes contains 2 important pathogenic species, what are they?

A

(1) Trypanosoma Brucei
(2) Trypanosoma Cruzi

31
Q

what does Trypanosoma Brucei cause?

A

causes sleeping sickness in humans (African trypanosomiasis)

32
Q

how is sleeping sickness in humans (African trypanosomiasis) transmitted?

A

transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina)

33
Q

what are the symptoms of sleeping sickness in humans (African trypanosomiasis)

A

CNS infection => lethargy, coma, death
(therefore, known as sleeping sickness)

34
Q

what does Trypanosoma Cruzi cause?

A

causes Chagas’ disease
(American trypanosomiasis)

35
Q

how is Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) transmitted?

A

transmitted by triatomine bugs (genus Triatoma)

36
Q

what are the symptoms of Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis)?

A

chronic myocardiopathy

37
Q

what two Excavates live in anaerobic environments?

A

diplomonads and parabasalids

38
Q

what does the supergroup SAR stand for/what groups does it include?

A

SAR = groups Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria

39
Q

what are the characteristics of Alveolates?

A

have membrane-bound sacs (alveoli) underneath their plasma membrane

40
Q

what are the pathogenic species that Alveolates include?

A

Apicomplexans

41
Q

what are Apicomplexans?

A

pathogenic parasites that cause serious human disease

42
Q

how do Apicomplexans spread?

A
  • they spread through their host as infectious cells called sporozoites
  • their apex contains organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues
  • require 2 or more different host species for completion of their life cycle
43
Q

what are the pathogenic species included in Apicomplexans?

A

(1) Plasmodium malariae
(2) Toxoplasma gondii

44
Q

what does Plasmodium malariae cause?

A

malaria

45
Q

how is malaria transmitted?

A

by mosquitos

46
Q

describe the plasmodium life cycle and how it infects our body

A

infectious cells:
- sporozoites: infect liver cells
- merozoites: infect RBCs (& digest hemoglobin)

47
Q

explain what natural selection favors in areas with high prevalence of malaria

A

natural selection favored selective survival of the thalassemia allele carriers (heterozygotes) in areas with high prevalence of malaria

48
Q

what does Toxoplasma gondii cause?

A

toxoplasmosis

49
Q

how is toxoplasmosis transmitted?

A

(1) oral-fecal route
- by consuming contaminated raw or undercooked meat
- by ingesting anything contaminated with cat or other animal feces
(2) trans-placental
- from mother to fetus
=> can cause abortion, hydrocephalus, mental retardation of the fetus

50
Q

what are the 2 groups of the Supergroup Unikonts?

A

(1) Amoebozoans
(2) Opisthokonts

51
Q

what are the characteristics of Amoebozoans?

A

amoebas with lobe or tube shaped pseuodopodia

52
Q

what are the pathogenic species included in Amoebozoans?

A

Entamoebas
(animal parasites/pathogens)

53
Q

what do the Opisthokonts include?

A

Animal, fungi, and 2 protist groups (non-pathogenic)

54
Q

what are the pathogenic species included in Entamoebas?

A

(1) Entamoeba histolytica: causes amebic dysentery
(2) Acanthamoeba: contact lenses eye infection (keratitis, encephalitis

55
Q

a role of protists in ecological communities is pathogenicity; what are two examples of parasitic protists?

A
  • Plasmodium malariae: causes malaria
  • Pfiesteria shumwayae: a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills

MED-109 Biology II (10 decks)

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