Topic 7E

Question 1

What is adverse reaction to antibiotics

Answer 1

• organ damage (polymixins, amphotericin B), anemia, or type I hypersensitivities.

Question 2

What are the types of hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 2

• Type I Hypersensitivity is an IgE-mediated response.
• Type II Hypersensitivity is a cytotoxic response.
• Type III Hypersensitivity is an immune complex-mediated response.
• Type IV Hypersensitivity is a delayed cell-mediated response (the only hypersensitivity not dependant on antibodies).

Question 3

What is type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 3

• IgE antibodies evolved as defense against parasitic worms. IgE antibodies bind to the Fc receptors found on the surface of mast cells, causing degranulation and release of histamines & cytokines.

Question 4

What is hygiene hypothesis

Answer 4

limited exposure to worms increases sensitivity to harmless environmental antigens.

Question 5

Mechanism of penicillin allergies, what is sensitization

Answer 5

first exposure to the drug. The B-cell’s B-cell receptor (BCR) binds the drug, expresses a penicillin epitope on MHC II, and presents it to a CD4+ T-cell’s T-cell receptor (TCR). This activates the B-cell, which includes isotype switching to IgE.

Question 6

Mechanism of penicillin, what is allergic reaction

Answer 6

second exposure to the drug. Penicillin binds IgE bound to mast cells causing degranulation.

Question 7

Mechanism of penicillin, what is anaphylaxis

Answer 7

a serious allergic reaction.

Question 8

Mechanism of penicillin, what is local anaphylaxis

Answer 8

hives on the skin, closure of the trachea (fatal asphyxia), or asthma (spasms of bronchi).

Question 9

Mechanism of penicillin, what is systemic anaphylaxis

Answer 9

(Anaphylactic Shock) - cytokines trigger vasodilation and hypovolemia drop in blood pressure low blood oxygenation and shock. Can cause death within minutes!

Question 10

Mechanism of penicillin allergies, what is treatment

Answer 10

short-term includes anti-histamines and NSAIDS; long-term includes desensitization.

Question 11

Mechanism of penicillin allergy, what is desensitization

Answer 11

repeated injections with increasing allergen concentration directly into the blood. This increases the
IgG concentration for that antigen, limiting the amount of allergen free to bind to IgE.

Question 12

Mechanism of penicillin allergies, what is vaccine reaction

Answer 12

most reactions are mild, such as fever or tenderness/soreness at the injection site. Serious reactions must be reported to VAERS if they were life-threatening, required hospitalization, resulted in disability, or fatal