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Biology > Topic B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic B2 - Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

Cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism

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2
Q

What is a tissue? Give an example.

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function, e.g. Muscle tissue

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3
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reactikn

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4
Q

Are enzymes a catalyst ?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

large proteins, which are made up of chains of amino acids that are folded into unique shapes, which enzymes need to do their jobs

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6
Q

What is the part of the enzyme called that the substrate binds to?

A

the active site

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7
Q

What happens when an enzyme denatures?

A

The binds holding it together break, because of high temperatures or a change in pH, and the shape of the active sight changes, so it no longer works.

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8
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Starch

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9
Q

How do you calculate the rate of a reaction?

A

Either by using the formula: rate = 1000/time; or rate = the amount it has changed/time taken, to find how much something changed over time.

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10
Q

What are the three places amylase is made in?

A

The salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine

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11
Q

What do proteases break down, and what do they break it down into? What are the three places they are made?

A

They break down protein into amino acids. They are made in the stomach (pepsin), the pancreas and the small intestine

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12
Q

What does lipase break down? What does it break it down into? Where is it made?

A

Lipase breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. It is made in the pancreas and small intestine.

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13
Q

What does starch break down into?

A

Mainly maltose, but also some other sugars, e.g. dextrins

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14
Q

Where is bile produced and stored? Where does it work? What does it do?

A

Bile is produced in the Liver and stored in the gallbladder, before it’s released into the small intestine where it neutralizes the stomach acid and emulsifies the fat.

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15
Q

What do you use to test for starch? what does the Benedict’s test test for? what does the biuret test test for? what does the Sudan III test test for?

A

You use iodine to test for starch, the Benedict’s test tests for sugars, the biuret test tests for proteins, and the Sudan III test tests for lipids.

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16
Q

What is the thorax and how is it separated from the lower part of your body?

A

The thorax is the upper part of your body, and is separated from the lower part of your body by the diaphragm

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17
Q

What is another name for your windpipe?

A

The trachea

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18
Q

Why do we have a double circulatory system?

A

We have two circuits joined together - the right ventricle pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumping oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body.

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19
Q

What is the vein called that pumps blood into the right atrium?

A

The vena cava

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20
Q

What is the artery called that pumps blood out of the right ventricle?

A

The pulmonary artery

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21
Q

What is the artery called that pumps blood out of the left ventricle?

A

The aorta

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22
Q

What is the vein called that goes into the left atrium?

A

The pulmonary vein

23
Q

Do arteries carry blood away from or to the heart?

Do veins carry blood away from or to the heart?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart.

24
Q

Do arteries carry blood at a high or low pressure? What adaptations do they have because of this?

A

Arteries carry blood at a high pressure, so the artery walls are strong and elastic. The walls are thick compared compared to the size of the lumen (the hole). They contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to make them stretch and spring back.

25
Q

Do veins carry blood at a high or low pressure? What adaptations do they have because of this?

A

Veins carry blood at a low pressure, so their walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls. They have a large lumen to keep the blood flowing despite the low pressure, and they also have valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction.

26
Q

What is the job of capillaries? What adaptations do they have?

A

Capillaries carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them - they supply food and oxygen, and take away waste like CO2. They have permeable walls, so substances can diffuse in and out, which are usually only one cell thick, which increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.

27
Q

What is the formula to calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Rate of blood flow = volume of blood/number of minutes

28
Q

What are three adaptations of red blood cells?

A

Their shape is a biconcave disk, which gives a large surface area for absorbing oxygen.
They don’t have a nucleus, which provides more room to carry oxygen.
Thry contain lots of haemoglobin.

29
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Destroy pathogens - either by ingesting them or by producing antibodies to fight them.

30
Q

What are platelets and what do they do?

A

They are small fragments of cells with no nucleus that help the blood to clot at a wound

31
Q

Name six substances carried in blood plasma.

A

Nutrients like glucose and amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, and antibodies and antitoxins produced by the white blood cells.

32
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease is when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the Muscle of the heart get blocked up by layers of fatty materials building up. This causes the arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. This can result in a heart attack

33
Q

Name two methods of treating coronary heart disease.

A

Stents and statins

34
Q

What are stents?

A

Stents are tubes that are inserted inside arteries. They keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles. This keeps the person’s heart beating.

35
Q

What are statins

A

Statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming.

36
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of stents?

A

Advantages:
They are effective for a long time and the recovery time from the surgery is relatively quick.
Disadvantages:
There is a risk of complications during the surgery (e.g. Heart attack) and a risk of infection from surgery. There is also the risk of patients developing a blood clot near the stent - this is called thrombosis.

37
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins?

A

Advantages:
Statins can increase the amount of good cholesterol in the bloodstream, which can remove bad cholesterol from the blood. Some studies suggest that statins may also help to prevent some other diseases.
Disadvantages:
Statins are a long term drug that must be taken regularly - there’s the risk that someone could forget to take them. They can sometimes cause negative side effects, some of which can be serious (e.g. liver failure). The effect of statins isn’t instant - it takes time for the effect to kick in.

38
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A

Advantages:
They are less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system than a donor heart. To get a donor heart you have to wait until someone healthy with the right type of heart dies
Disadvantages:
Surgery to fit an artificial heart (as with transplant surgery) can lead to bleeding and infection. Artificial hearts don’t work as well as healthy natural ones - parts of it could wear out or the motor could fail. Blood doesn’t flow through them as smoothly, which can cause blood clots and lead to strokes. The patient has to take drugs to thin their blood and make sure this doesn’t happen, which can cause problems with bleeding if they’re hurt in an accident.

39
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute, e.g. a salt solution, that is used to replace the lost volume of blood. This can keep the patient alive long enough for them to produce new red blood cells, or have a blood transfusion.

40
Q

What are some risk factors that are able to directly cause a disease?

A

Smoking directly causes cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer.
Obesity can directly cause Type 2 diabetes.
Drinking too much alcohol can cause liver disease.
Cancer can be directly caused by exposure to certain substances or radiation.

41
Q

Name four risk factors for cancer

A

Smoking, Obesity, UV exposure and viral infections

42
Q

What do phloem tubes transport?

A

Food

43
Q

Are phloem cells living or dead? What process are they a part of?

A

They are living. They are a part of translocation.

44
Q

What do xylem tubes transport?

A

Water

45
Q

Are xylem tube cells living or dead? What process are they a part of?

A

They are dead, and are part of the transpiration stream.

46
Q

What is transpiration?

A

It is the loss of water from the leaves of a plant, which pulls up more water from the roots.

47
Q

What four main things affect transpiration?

A

Light intensity, temperature, air flow (wind speed) and humidity

48
Q

describe a practical to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis using the method of counting the bubbles

A
  1. set up a boiling tube containing 45 cm^3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (1%). allow the tube to stand for a few minutes and shake to disperse any air bubbles that might form
  2. cut a piece of the pondweed, Cabomba. the pondweed should be 8 cm long
  3. use forcepts to place the pondweed in the boiling tube carefully. make sure that you don’t damage the pondweed, or cause the liquid to overflow
  4. position the pondweed so that the boiling tube is 10 cm away from the light source. allow the boiling tube to stand for 5 minutes. count the number of bubbles emerging from the cut end of the stems in one minute. repeat the count 5 times and record your results
  5. calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute. repeat the experiment at different distances away from the light source
49
Q

what is the independent variable in the pondweed photosynthesis rate of reaction experiment?

A

distance from the light source/light intensity

50
Q

what is the dependent variable in the pondweed/light intensity experiment?

A

the number of bubbles produced per minute

51
Q

what are some control variables of the pondweed photosynthesis experiment?

A

concentration of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, temperature, using the same piece of cabomba pondweed each time

52
Q

what are some risks of the pondweed photosynthesis rate of reaction experiment?

A

care must be taken when using water near electrical equipment. ensure that your hands are dry when you’re holding the lamp

53
Q

what is the compensation point?

A

the light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the respiration of a plant

54
Q

why is sodium hydrogencarbonate added to the water in an investigation on photosynthesis?

A

as a source of carbon dioxide

Biology (12 decks)

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