translation strategies Flashcards
what is a fragment?
a short, clipped sentence
what is direct equation?
the use of a loan word that has the exact same meaning in the other language eg lasagna or baseball
what is calque?
when one language adopts the terminology of another but makes it conform to its own rules eg dribblare or Bravo!
what is normal equation?
using the direct translation that represents a one-to-one equivalent eg uomo=man
what is substitution?
a translation which bears little or no morpho-syntactic or semantic relation to the source text, be that because of different grammar or for cultural reasons such as when you’re translating an idiom
what is divergence?
choosing a term from a range of alternatives in the TT e.g. does cream need to be translated as panna or crema
what is convergence?
when the ST has a bigger selection of words for something than the TT, for example tu, Lei, voi and Loro all being translated as “you” in English
what is amplification?
when you add words to your translation to increase comprehensibility - that could be because of idioms, cultural allusions or often place names
what is reduction?
when you remove words from the ST in your TT, for example the Italian word for three-toed sloth is bradipo
What is diffusion?
When you have to use more words than are in the ST to say the same thing, for example when translation oddio or magari, or the Italian usage of the conditional to say things that have been reported but not confirmed
What is condensation?
When you choose a more linguistically succinct expression in your translation to express the same meaning, eg cheap for a buon prezzo
What is reordering?
When you change the order of words in a sentence, which can be because the grammar demands it (eg the position of the noun and adjective) or because culturally it’s normal to hear them the other way round
what is transposition?
turning one word type into another, eg nominalisation of a verb
