Transmission and Immunity Flashcards
What are the routes of entry for pathogens?
ingestion
inhalation
skin/open wounds
mucous membranes
congenital (through copulation or gestation)
What are the routes of exit for pathogens?
faeces and urine
oral, nasal, ocular discharge or saliva
vomit
blood
skin
milk
semen
What is direct transmission?
direct contact with an infected animal
What is indirect transmission?
vectors (other species carrying the disease)
fomites (inanimate objects harbouring the disease)
environment (ruminants of the disease found in the environment)
What is airborne transmission?
particles of the disease in the air inhaled by animals
What are the two functional responses of the immune system?
innate
adaptive
What is the innate immune system?
first line of defence
already present within species to repel invaders
includes the skin, stomach acid, chemicals in the saliva and mucous in the respiratory system
non-adaptive meaning it’s effectiveness is not changed by repeated exposure to a foreign substance
What is the adaptive immune system?
designs different methods to defend against specific foreign pathogens
parts communicate with each other and develop memory of the pathogens they encounter
it’s effectiveness can change over time
What are the types of adaptive immunity?
natural immunity
artificial immunity
passive immunity
active immunity
What is natural immunity?
occurs through contact with a pathogen when the contact was not deliberate
What is artificial immunity?
a vaccine that contains a small amount of a pathogen injected into the body in order for the body to produce antibodies against that pathogen
What is passive immunity?
when an animal is given another animal’s antibodies
usually happens between a mother and offspring through feeding with colostrum
What is colostrum?
the initial form of milk produced by a mammal after giving birth
What is active immunity?
when an animal’s immune system develops antibodies to kill a pathogen if an animal becomes infected by one and develops a disease
