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Earth History Midterm #4 > Triassic - Mesozoic > Flashcards

Triassic - Mesozoic Flashcards

1
Q

What are all the eons, eras, and periods that we have learned?

A
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2
Q

What is considered to be the transition to the modern era?

A

MESOZOIC ERA

Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods

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3
Q

How was the state of the whole world at the start of the Triassic?

(Hint: End of Permian)

A

The whole world was HOT due to the SIBERIAN FLOOD BASALTS

Earth was supercharged with CO2 emissions globally

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4
Q

How hot did the land surfaces in Pangea get during the start of the Triassic?

A

Lands of Pangea got up to 40 degree Celsius

Year round got hotter than the highest recordings in Death Valley

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5
Q

What is the correlation between ocean temperature and the oxygen concentration within it?

A

As the temperature of the ocean RISES, oxygen concentration goes DOWN

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6
Q

What evidence supports the presence of anoxic waters during the P-T mass extinction?

A

Evidence from bioturbation

Rocks deposited during and following the extinction event lack signs of bioturbation

Bedded with little disruption

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7
Q

What is associated with bioturbation?

A

RESURGENCE OF SEAFLOOR MICROBIAL MATS AND WRINKLE STRUCTURES

Life had to essentially start over after the extinction, back to simpler life forms

Extinction was so bad, had to go back to pre-Cambrian lifestyles

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8
Q

What took over the sandy beaches for a brief moment, following the P-T mass extinction?

A

Wrinkle structures

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9
Q

What is the P-T boundary?

A

Transition from fossiliferous limestones to stromatolites

Animals disappear and microbes take over

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10
Q

What is important to note about the change between the Permian and Triassic?

A

It is very DISTINCT and UNMISTAKABLE

Changes from massive reefs in the Permian to scattered shells in the Triassic

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11
Q

How many fossils remain in great abundance in the record during the Triassic?

A

ONLY 5 fossils remain in great abundance

One inarticulate brachiopod and four bivalves

the four bivalves : Claraia, Eumorphotis, Unionites, Promyalina

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12
Q

How long would it take for diveristy to rebound during triassic?

A

About 100 million years, LARGEST MASS EXTINCTION late permian

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13
Q

MODERN FAUNA

A

Bivalves, Gastropods, Sea Urchins, Crustaceans, Sponges, Sharks, Bony Fish, Marine Reptiles, Mammals

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14
Q

REEF GAP

A

The P T mass extinction was followed by a significant reef gap with NO REEFS

Reefs that would eventually return would be different

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14
Q

NEW REEF BUILDER

A

Scleractinia

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15
Q

Paleozoic reefs

A

They contained tabulate corals and rugose corals, WENT EXTINCT AT THE P T

New corals were scleractinia

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15
Q

Series of ridges within coral

A

Called septa

where polyps rest upon them

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16
Q

Symmetry within coral

A

ALLL Scleractinia coral septas have a RADIAL symmetry and are divided into 6 major septa

RUGOSE CORAL septa have a BILATERAL symmetry

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17
Q

What are all modern corals?

A

ALL are Scleractinia

18
Q

What is associated with the rise of modern fauna?

A

INCREASE IN THE DOMINANCE OF PREDATORS

These predators reshape the entire oceans and its ecology

Rise in Marine reptiles, crustaceans, sharks, rays, starfish, and gastropods

19
Q

Drilling behavior throughout the eras

A

Drilling behavior is low in the paleozoic but increases through the mesozoic and cenozoic, reflects a major increase in predators.

20
Q

How do starfish eat?

A

Pry open shells extrude their stomach and secrete stomach acid to digest the bivalve

Starfish swallows the dissolved animal before withdrawing their stomach

21
Q

Crabs

A

Shell Breaking crustaceans like crabs make their first appearance in the Mesozoic

Shells are no longer a safe haven for mollusks

22
Q

What was the response to new forms of predation?

A

New defenses in response to new forms of predation: TYPE OF RELATIATION IS CALLED ESCALATION

23
Q

ESCALATION IS ALSO CALLED WHAT?

A

EVOLUTIONARY ARMS RACE

As new predators and behaviors evolve, new defenses must evolve to counteract them

24
Q

Gastropods living near predators evolved spines and spikes

A

These spines and spikes act as a sort of Defensive armor

SIMILAR TO SPIKED FENCES OF THE FRONT LINES IN WAR

25
Q

Other gastropod defenses

A

Developed massive ridges that make it impossible to get a grip on them, crabs simply cannot get a claw around the massive ridges.

26
Q

How do bivalves adapt different from gastropods?

A

Adapt a completely new lifestyle to accommodate predation,

Bivalves today posses one of two lifestyles

27
Q

Epifaunal bivalves

A

THOSE THAT LIVE ATOP the seafloor and are susceptible to predation

INCAPABLE OF BURROWING

28
Q

Infaunal Bivalves

A

Those that burrow down into the seafloor and live buried within it

Much less likely to be eaten

OVERTIME INFAUNAL BIVALVES BEGIN TO TAKE OVER AS EPIFAUNAL BIVALVES SLOWLY DIE OUT

Infaunal leads to greater survival

29
Q

Paleozoic fauna lived with epifaunal lifestyle

A

Incapable of burrowing cannot escape predation and thus decline

30
Q

PALEOZOIC FAUNA

A

Bryozoans, brachipods, crinoids

GO TO DEEP OCEAN WHERE PREDATORS ARE RARE

31
Q

MESOZOIC MARINE REVOLUTION

A

Fundamental changes in predators and prey due to escalation goes by a specific name called Mesozoic marine revolution

32
Q

DINOSAURS EMERGENCE

A

Emerge at the start of the mesozoic (triassic) and go extinct by the end of the mesozoic

33
Q

Key features of dinosaurs

A

ERECT GAIT

ALL dinosaur legs are directly beneath the body

REPTILES HAVE sprawling gait

Officially, dinosaurs lived on LAND, giant reptiles that lived in the OCEAN or FLEW are NOT considered dinosaurs

T REX is a dinosaur, pterosaur/pterodactyl is not a dinosaur, marine reptile is not a dinosaur

34
Q

Two primary groups of dinosaur

A

Saurischians : Lizard hipped (LATER GIVE RISE TO BIRDS)

Ornithischian : Bird hipped

35
Q

Saurischians Pelvic bones

Ornithischians Pelvic bones

A

Saurischians point opposite eachother

Ornithischians both point parallel and backward

36
Q

Saurischian teeth

A

HAVE FRONT TEETH, lines the jaw’s full perimeter

37
Q

Ornithischian teeth

A

Lacking in the jaw’s front, replaces with a toothless beak

38
Q

TWO MAIN GROUPS OF SAURISCHIAN DINOSAURS

A

THEROPODS and SAUROPODS

Theropod : Carnivore (light weight hollow bones, three clawed fingers, and four total toes ancestors to birds)

Theropods have sharp, pointed, and sometimes serrated teeth, Top Mesozoic predator

Sauropod : Herbivore (Wide tree trunk like legs and highly reduced toe bones, heavy animal strategy)

Sauropods had peg like teeth, these types of teeth are used primarily for raking leaves from branches of tall trees

39
Q

Some animals that were ornithischian

A

Stegosaurus, ankylosaurus, triceratops, and Iguanodon

ALL herbivores

40
Q

When did mammals emerge?

A

Mammals emerged alongside dinosaurs in the Triassic but were small and rodent like

41
Q

Different between mammals and reptiles

A

Mammals have specialized teeth with cusps and two roots, specialized for different uses

Cusped molars major innovation because they allow for the consumption of different foods. grinding and chewing.

42
Q

Where did mammals come from?

A

mammal like reptiles, mammal like reptiles had specialized teeth and legs positioned underneath their body

Mammal like reptiles also have a hole in their skulls for the attachment of large jaw muscles, greatly improves bite force

43
Q

Do modern mammals have a hole?

A

They do not possess a hole in their skull since an unprotected brain is a liability, Jaw muscles still attach to the same spot

44
Q

What is the thinnest spot on the skull?

A

Temporal lobe, sits where the hole used to be, cheekbones sits just below the former hole

Earth History Midterm #4 (5 decks)

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