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History > Tudors Chapter 1 - Changes @ Centre > Flashcards

Tudors Chapter 1 - Changes @ Centre Flashcards

1
Q

Outline aspects of Henry VII’s Household.

A

Created personal bodyguards - Yeomen of the Guard.
Stored royal income in Privy Chamber.

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2
Q

Outline aspects of Henry VIII’s Household.

A

Made up of most trusted friends.
From 1518, staff known as Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.
Control of dry stamp from 1540s.

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3
Q

What did David Starkey say about the Privy Chamber under Henry VIII?

A

It became a political hub.

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4
Q

How was the dry stamp exploited in 1547?

A

Seymour’s faction used it to alter H8’s will, becoming E6’s protector following H8’s death.

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5
Q

Who were the staff of Mary’s Privy Chambers?
Give an example.

A

Were often wives of male household members.
Frances Jerningham - wife of the Captain of the Guard.

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6
Q

How did Mary limit manipulation within the Privy Chamber?

A

She kept the dry stamp under lock and key.

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7
Q

How did the Privy Chamber decline in importance under Elizabeth I?

A

1559 reforms - members of Household were Councillors - decisions made through formal channels.

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8
Q

How was E1’s household similar to M1’s?

A

She appointed wives of Councillors, such as the Earl of Leicester.

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9
Q

Outline the nature of Henry VII’s council.

A

200 men, including 42 ex-Yorkists.
Held 5 Great Councils to suggest he listened to all nobles.

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10
Q

How did H7 manipulate his council in the 1490s?

A

1492 - already wanted to end French invasion, yet made nobles sign document to suggest he listened to them.

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11
Q

Why did Wolsey rise to prominence in Henry VIII’s council?

A

H8 wanted to be a warrior king.
Wolsey would provide this opportunity, unlike traditional councillors such as William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury.

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12
Q

What was membership of the Council in 1520s?

A

Around 40.

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13
Q

What were the Eltham Ordinances?

A

1526 - Wolsey tried to shrink council down to under 20 members to increase his influence.
Failed, though plans similar to Privy Council.

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14
Q

What did GR Elton think of the Council reforms 1540?

A

Felt it occurred in 1536, as Cromwell consciously aimed to modernise govt.

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15
Q

What did John Guy think of the Council Reforms 1540?

A

Felt PofG triggered emergency 1536 response.
Permanent reform occurred following Cromwell’s fall 1540.

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16
Q

What did the 1540 reform of the Privy Council do?

A

Collective responsibility; Council became own chief minister; 19 members; issue collective proclamations in monarch’s name.

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17
Q

How did the Council’s role change under Edward VI and Somerset?

A

Somerset bypassed the Council using the Household, e.g. Groom of the Stool, Sir Michael Stanhope, controlled the dry stamp.

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18
Q

How did the role of the Council change under Edward VI following Somerset?

A

Warwick was a Councillor when he rebelled in 1549 - he reasserted Council’s importance as he needed noble support following revolt. Thus membership rose to 31.

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19
Q

How did the Council change under Mary I?

A

50 members to be inclusive, yet only 8 attended more than 50% of meetings.
Had own seal, but didn’t override dry stamp.
Council seen to serve England, rather than being private servants to monarch.

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20
Q

How did the role of the Council change under Elizabeth?

A

1559-1603, membership dropped from 19 to 13.
Traveled with E1 on progresses.
Work expanded as control in localities grew.

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21
Q

Which fact best shows how the Council grew in importance?

A

1520s-60s, Council met x3-4 a week.
1590s, at least once a day.

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22
Q

Outline the role of secretary pre-1540.

A

Richard Foxe, Councillor 1485-87.
Cromwell manipulated position to become Chief Minister - controlled Council meetings and knew H8’s daily business.

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23
Q

What happened to the secretary post-Cromwell?

A

Split between two men - Wriothesley and Sadler - workload increased.

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24
Q

Who were E1’s more significant secretaries 1558-90?

A

William Cecil 1558-72 - trusted advisor.
Francis Walsingham 1573-90- spymaster.

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25
Q

When was there a period of no secretary?

A

1590-96, following Walsingham’s death?

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26
Q

How did Robert Cecil use secretary role to gain power?

A

1596 - controlled distribution of patronage to undermine Essex’s powerbase.

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27
Q

What was the primitive LL system under H8?

A

1512, 1536, 1545 - commissioned nobles to recruit local militia for defences against France, PofG, and Scotland.

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28
Q

How were there LLs under E6?

A

1549 - Northumberland appoints Lieutenants to deal with unrest across country - policing and military role.

29
Q

What was the LL system under M1?

A

1557 - created 10 lieutenancies, yet ended when French threat stopped.

30
Q

Why did the LL system become permanent?

A

1585, War with Spain - appointed to each county in charge of war effort.

31
Q

What was the role of LLs under E1?

A

Local officials forced to obey LLs.
Many Councillors were LLs.
Crown’s control in localities increased.

32
Q

Which counties in the 1590s refused the LL system?

A

Suffolk and Wiltshire

33
Q

Outline H7’s use of Parliament.

A

Passed Acts of Attainder to secure rule, NOT grant it.
x7 in 24 years - had to accept smaller sum for taxation in 1504.

34
Q

What was the significance of the Church for Henry VII?

A

He needed people to believe he held God’s support on the throne as a usurper with weak claim.

35
Q

What proves H7 had good relations with the Pope?

A

The Pope appointed H7’s choice for Arch of Cant, John Morton.

36
Q

Outline key events of Parliament pre-Reformation under Henry VIII.

A

Called four times 1509-1523.
Wolsey denied taxation 1523, a result of Thomas More’s speech which requested freedom of speech in Parliament.

37
Q

Why was Henry VIII in good relations with Pope pre-1529?

A

He himself wasn’t a Lutheran.
Wolsey = Cardinal.

38
Q

What was the impact of the Hunne Affair?

A

1515 - anticlericalism. Parliament began criticising corruption of the Church.

39
Q

Outline some abuses of the Church.

A

Indulgences, benefit of clergy, sanctuary, sale of offices, pluralism.

40
Q

When was Cromwell made Chief Minister?

A

1532

41
Q

When and what was the Act for the Submission of Clergy?

A

1532 - Convocation needed a license.

42
Q

When and what was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

A

1533 - created statute law - stopped legal cases going to Rome.

43
Q

When was the 1st Act of Supremacy?

A

1534

44
Q

When were the Treason and Succession Acts?

A

1534

45
Q

When was the Dissolution of Monasteries - why significant?

A

1536 - provided lots of money (£1.3 million) and land - could be redistributed to Nobles who supported Royal Supremacy.

46
Q

Who created the Act of 10 Articles and when?

A

Cromwell, 1536, redefined Church doctrine.

47
Q

How did Henry eventually demonstrate his ultimate commitment to Catholicism?

A

1539 - Act of 6 Articles.
1543 - King’s Book published.

48
Q

How did the Church change under Edward VI?

A

Thomas Cranmer = Archbishop of Canterbury.
1549 and 52 Prayer Books - doctrine of C/E fundamentally altered/more Protestant.

49
Q

How did M1 impact the Church during her reign?

A

1554 - repeals supremacy act, though due to death in 1558 this was short-lived.

50
Q

When did Mary I face revolt and how?

A

1555 - when she wanted to reclaim all monastic lands, Sir Anthony Kingston locked all her supporters out of Parliament - M1 therefore lost the vote.

51
Q

What were the two bills in E1’s via media?

A

Bill for Supremacy
Bill for Uniformity

52
Q

What title did E1 gain as part of her Supremacy Act/

A

‘Supreme Governor’ of the Church of England

53
Q

By what margin did the Uniformity Bill pass in the House of Lords?

A

21 to 18

54
Q

Who of Mary’s bishops didn’t refuse to swear the Oath of Supremacy?

A

The Bishop of Llandaff

55
Q

Give an example of someone who replaced the bishops who lost their posts due to the Oath of Supremacy.

A

Matthew Parker made Archbishop of Canterbury - held strong Protestant sympathies.

56
Q

When was the 39 Articles?

A

1563

57
Q

What was the significance of the 39 Articles?

A

E1 forced to intervene in Convocation - blocked the passing of an Article denying the real presence, something only accepted by Puritan Protestants.
Royal intervention in church affairs unthinkable pre-1534.

58
Q

When did Matthew Parker release the ‘Book of Advertisements’ and what was the response?

A

1566 - 37 (more Puritan) London clergy resigned in protest.

59
Q

When and why was Edmund Grindal suspended as Archbishop of Canterbury?

A

1577 - too sympathetic to the Puritanical ‘prophesyings’.

60
Q

When and why were Parliament allowed to debate E1’s marriage and the succession?

A

1566 - Council allowed it in return for Parliament granting a tax.

61
Q

When and why were Wentworth and Cope imprisoned?

A

1587 - attempted to pass a bill in Parliament that removed the C/E hierarchy, changing E1’s settlement.

62
Q

Why was Wentworth imprisoned for one month in 1576?

A

He made a speech in Parliament attacking E1’s suppression of discussions in Parliament.

63
Q

When and what was the Act of Seditious Sectaries?

A

1593 - made all recusants leave country as they were seen as a threat to the settlement.

64
Q

What was the major concern of the Parliament of 1597?

A

Elizabeth’s selling of monopolies - system appeared corrupt.

65
Q

How many MPs of the 1601 Parliament were lawyers; why was this important?

A

253 - they found legal issues with monopolies.

66
Q

When was Eliazabeth’s ‘Golden Speech’; why important?

A

1601 - appeared gracious yet conceded very little to Parliament - retained ultimate power.

67
Q

How did membership of the Party change throughout the 16th Century?

A

1512 = 302 MPs; 1586 = 462 MPs.

67
Q

How did the Council come to use Parliament during Elizabeth’s reign?

A

They would use it to place pressure on E1 to make decisions.

History (20 decks)

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