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History > Tudors Chapter 2 - Localities > Flashcards

Tudors Chapter 2 - Localities Flashcards

1
Q

Who became head of the Council of Wales in 1490?

A

Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford

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2
Q

Which heirs were sent to the Wales to establish a royal presence?

A

Prince Arthur 1501.
Princess Mary 1525.

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3
Q

When and why did Henry VII make Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey a Lieutenant in the North?

A

Yorkshire tax revolt 1489 - Northumberland killed. However, lost power in 1499.

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4
Q

Who was Henry Fitzroy and what was his brief role?

A

6 y/o illegitimate son of Henry VIII. Made president of the Council of the North 1525. Died 1536.

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5
Q

When was the first Law in Wales Act?
What did it do?

A

1535.
Wales now made up of 12 English-style counties.
English-style governance.
English used in courts.
2 MPs per county and town.
Ended power of marcher lords.

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6
Q

When was the second Law in Wales Act?
What did it do?

A

1542.
Introduced English system of law.
Council of Wales became a more formal body.
Very little unrest following these changes.

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7
Q

When and why was the Council of the North re-established?

A

1537 - a response to the Pilgrimage of Grace.

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8
Q

What powers were given to the Council of the North when re-established?

A

Given much wider powers across the North.
Presidents were typically from the South - impartial over local issues. e.g. the Bishop of Llandaff.
Councillors also appointed as JPs.

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9
Q

What were the impacts of the re-establishment of the Council of the North?

A

Council could hear on cases of trespass and felony.
Traditional northern families lost power: Dacres, Percies, Nevilles.
Elizabeth tried to insert more southerners, causing resentments.
1572 - Henry Hastings, Huntingdon made president.

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10
Q

How did the number of MPs change from the start to the end of the Tudor era?

A

296 to 462

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11
Q

What was the proportion of true townsmen in the Reformation Parliament?

A

Half = townsmen. Half = gentry who didn’t live where they represented.

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11
Q

By 1601, what percentage of MPs were actually townsmen, according to Jennifer Loach?

A

14%

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12
Q

How much did it cost each town to fund an MP during the Reformation Parliament?

A

£70

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13
Q

What did Sir Edmund Rowse do in Dunwich?

A

Rowse was prepared to cover own expenses if elected as an MP. Dunwich avoided the financial burden and Rowse could pursue a career in London.

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14
Q

How did Henry VIII manipulate elections to increase control?

A

He ensured that Norfolk had 3 clients elected to Parliament.

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15
Q

How did illiteracy rates change 1550-1600? And according to whom?

A

Men: 80% - 72%
Women: 98% - 92%
David Cressey

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16
Q

What was the role of JPs under Henry VII? Give examples.

A

Usurper - needed trusted people in charge - Thomas Lovell = JP in Yorkshire and Sussex.
1495 Act of Parl - JPs can act on suspects without jury.

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17
Q

How many JPs were on county benches under Henry VIII?

A

20-35

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18
Q

How and when did Wolsey monitor the JPs?

A

1526 - sent out a 21-section questionnaire on law and order in their region.

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19
Q

How did JPs gain religious responsibilities under Henry VIII and Edward VI?

A

Cromwell expected them to enforce the Reformation.
1552, E6, enforced Second Prayer Book.

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20
Q

What size were county benches by 1603?

A

40 to 90 JPs

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21
Q

Why did William Cecil fear corruption among the JPs and how was this prevented?

A

Becoming a JP was considered a gateway to political power among the gentry.
From 1585, Lord Lieutenants were appointed to county benches.

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22
Q

How many Acts of Parliament placed responsibilities on JPs by 1603?

A

309 Acts

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23
Q

What’s the difference between ‘ordinary’ and ‘extraordinary’ revenue?

A

Ordinary: came from royal lands.
Extraordinary: tax granted by Parliament in special circumstances.

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24
Q

How did ‘fifteenths and tenths’ work? How much was each expected to make?

A

In countryside, communities expected to pay 1/15th of the value of their property.
Boroughs had to pay 1/10th.
Meant to yield £29,500.

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25
Q

Why were ‘tenths and fifteenths’ bad for everyone?

A

Based on a 150-y/o system.
Inflation - money had higher value in 1334.
Based on communities, so wealthier people could avoid paying tax, forcing the poorer to take burden.

26
Q

Why was the 1513 Subsidy necessary for Wolsey to create?

A

Henry wanted war against France.
1509-1520, £1 million spent on war effort.
Yet prior to this only £25,000 a year generated.

27
Q

What were the 3 most important aspects of the 1513 Subsidy? A ton avis.

A

-Now based on individuals ability to pay, rather than communities as a whole.
-Gave increased powers to JPs - less corrupt system, and curried favour of local officials.
-The higher the rank of a noble, the more tax they paid.

28
Q

How much did the 1513 Subsidy raise between 1513-23?

A

over £300,000

29
Q

Why did the 1534 Subsidy cause backlash?

A

Levied during peacetime.
Angers in the North - PofG.

30
Q

How did the amount raised by the Subsidy under Elizabeth change and what does reflect about wider attitudes?

A

Started at £140,000 but had dropped to £80,000 by end of reign.
Shows that parliament and taxpayers were increasingly resistant to the new tax.

31
Q

How did the 1513 Subsidy fail Wolsey in 1523?

A

Parl refused to grant him £800,000. Paid lesser sum over instalments.
Led to ‘Amicable Grant’ in 1525.

32
Q

Why did Elizabeth’s caution limit the efficacy of the Subsidy?

A

She allowed the rates to become fixed, and thus due to inflation, govt. slowly generated less and less income.

33
Q

How did the tax system become corrupt under Elizabeth? Use Cecil as an example.

A

From 1563, taxpayer’s own assessment of wealth accepted as accurate. William Cecil claimed to earn less than £200 a year despite actually making £4000. He paid less tax as a result.

34
Q

What was the result of tax record not being updated? Use Suffolk as an example.

A

New taxpayers or dead ones weren’t added to records. In Suffolk, 1523-1563, number of taxpayers dropped 10,000.

35
Q

How did Elizabeth’s indifference to the flawed tax system affect the 1590s?

A

Increased corruption caused political tensions. However, never faced a popular tax revolt.

36
Q

What were the population changes across the Tudor period?

A

1525: 2.3 million.
1551: 3 million
1601: 4.1 million

37
Q

What did the 1531 Poor Law do?

A

Vagrants to be whipped.
JPs could license the impotent poor, allowing them to beg.

38
Q

What did the 1547 Vagrancy Act and 1552 Poor Law do?

A

VA: defined what a vagrant was and outlined excessively harsh punishments for vagrancy.
PL: replaced the harshness of the Vagrancy Act - registered impotent poor - priests to place more pressure on locals to contribute to alms.

39
Q

How did the population change 1551-1561? Why did this occur?

A

3.01 million down to 2.98 million
Poor weather, bad harvests, influenza epidemic.

40
Q

What were the consequences of the 1550s population crisis?

A

Lack of food = high prices
Increased poverty and vagrancy
Wages rose, employer profits drop

41
Q

What were, a ton avis, the 4 most important terms of the Statute of Artificers?

A

-All wages to be set by JPs annually.
-Aged 12-60, unemployed forced to work on the land.
-JPs could force all able people to farm during harvest time - were allowed to punish disobedience.
-Apprenticeships = 7 years.

42
Q

Why wasn’t/was the Statty Art as significant as expected?

A

-More of a central response to local trends - since 1530s crisis, wage capping had been increasingly encouraged locally.
-Further legislations needed afterwards to resolve other issues.
-However, the govt. working for social order demonstrates increased partnership between centre and localities.
-Placed great powers on JPs.

43
Q

How did the Stat. of Art. fail in Kent?

A

Assessed wages never changed between 1563-88 due to JP negligence. Wages only increased due to increased hardships in 1590s.

44
Q

Why was the Statue of Artificers myopic?

A

Assumed work would always be available. Increased migration around harvest time.

45
Q

What did the 1563 Poor Law do?

A

JPs appointed special alms collectors, refusing to contribute to alms could lead to imprisonment.

46
Q

What did the 1572 Poor Law do?

A

encouraged parishes to build ‘houses of correction’ for vagrants and beggars

47
Q

Why was there a severe social and economic crisis 1594-98?

A

Crop failures and famine due to cold weather.
Wages fell as prices rose.
Plague outbreaks.
Food riots in London 1596.

48
Q

Why was the 1598 Poor Law significant?

A

-First time there was a national system of poor relief.
-Made contributions to the poor fully compulsory.
-Lasted until 1834

48
Q

What did the 1598 Poor Law do?

A

-JPs supervised the unpaid overseer of the poor for each parish - these assed how much poor relief was needed.
-Combined with 1598 Vagabonds Act - vagrants banished
-Building of hospitals and houses of correction provided for.

49
Q

How did Henry VII’s distrust affect number of noble families?

A

No. representatives dropped from 55 to 42 during reign.

50
Q

How was the Earl of Surrey treated by Henry VII?

A

-Imprisoned due to involvement at Bosworth.
-Rewarded for not joining Simnel rebellion.
-Given back earldom but not made Duke of Norfolk
-Sent to North - entirely reliant on Henry
-Made a councillor 1501.

51
Q

Who was Charles Brandon?

A

A lifelong friend of H8.
Made Duke of Suffolk and given estates in East Anglia.
After PofG, he was given estates in Lincolnshire

52
Q

Why did the Crown control the Percy estates 1537-57?

A

Henry Percy (Northumberland) was forced to make Henry VIII his heir.

53
Q

How did patronage fail under Henry VIII?

A

Factions began to rise.
Seymour = reformer vs. Norfolk = conservative.
Seymour was able to bypass Henry’s will.

54
Q

What made both Henries’ use of patronage successful?

A

they increased loyalties to the monarchy and weakened the traditional military power of nobility.

55
Q

How did Elizabeth’s patronage with Dudley benefit her?

A

He was a favourite courtier of Liz.
Became a Privy councillor 1562
Given significant lands in Denbigh in Wales - trusted to be Queen’s eyes and ears.
Created a rivalry in networks of patronage between Cecil and Dudley.

56
Q

How did Elizabeth’s patronage in the North lead to rebellion?

A

Russel, Earl of Bedford, was made Warden of the East March.
Percy lost his wardenship of the Middle March.
Resentments.

57
Q

How did Elizabeth use patronage to restore order in North?

A

Appointed her cousin, Huntingdon, as President of the Councl

58
Q

Explain the Cecil/Essex rivalry.

A

Robert Cecil vs Earl of Essex.
Cecils had amassed lots of power; Essex entirely reliant on Queen for power.
Essex led a failed rebellion in 1601 - not enough support.

59
Q

How may have Henry VIII’s progresses contributed to resentments in North and the PofG?

A

He didn’t travel to the North - rebels felt the govt. was neglecting them and too south-focussed.

60
Q

How did Elizabeth uses progresses?

A

Save money.
Strengthen bonds of loyalty with leading councillors.
Enhanced trust overall.

61
Q

What’s the absolutely sexy line of analysis you came up with about JPs craving further powers?

A

The political repression of Henry VII’s reign - in which, as David Loades describes, local Nobility lost their roles as ‘Provincial Magnates’, becoming mere ‘Service Nobility’ - led all local officials in the following decades to crave any and all attainments of greater powers.

62
Q

What should the opening line of any Localities essay discussing the extension of royal power/control/etc. be?

A

Tudor monarchs continually faced the challenge of nationwide instability, prompting numerous actions to be taken throughout the era to [KWQ].

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