Types of Long-Term Memory

Question 1

Who suggested that there are different memory stores in the LTM?

Answer 1

Endel Tulving (1985).

Question 2

What are the 3 types of LTM?

Answer 2

Episodic, semantic and procedural.

Question 3

What is the episodic memory?

Answer 3

The ability to recall events from life.

Question 4

What are 3 examples of episodic memory?

Answer 4

The recent trip to the dentist, this morning’s breakfast, yesterday’s psychology class.

Question 5

What does it mean by a memory being time-stamped?

Answer 5

An individual can remember exactly when a memory occurred.

Question 6

What elements are included in the memory of a single episode?

Answer 6

People and places; objects and behaviour.

Question 7

How do you recall episodic memories?

Answer 7

By making a conscious effort.

Question 8

What is semantic memory?

Answer 8

The knowledge of the world and concepts.

Question 9

What elements are included in the semantic memory?

Answer 9

How to apply to university, the taste of an orange, the meaning of words.

Question 10

Are semantic memories time-stamped?

Answer 10

No, they are less personal and more factual.

Question 11

What is procedural memory?

Answer 11

Memory of actions, skills and how we do things.

Question 12

What are examples of procedural memory?

Answer 12

Driving a car, changing gears, putting on the blinkers.

Question 13

What case study is used for episodic memory?

Answer 13

The case study of Henry Molaison and Clive Wearing.

Question 14

What was wrong with Molaison and Wearing’s episodic memory?

Answer 14

It was severely impaired as a consequence of them having amnesia.

Question 15

How did their episodic memory being impaired affect them?

Answer 15

They had great difficulty

Question 16

What happened to their semantic and procedural memories?

Answer 16

They were both relatively unaffected.

Question 17

How do this case study support Tulving’s view?

Answer 17

It highlights that there are different memory stores in the LTM as one store was affected but the others were left unaffected.

Question 18

What study did Tulving et al do in 1994?

Answer 18

They got their participants to perform various memory tasks whilst their brains were scanned by a PET scanner.

Question 19

Where in the brain were episodic and semantic memories recalled?

Answer 19

The prefrontal cortex.

Question 20

How is the prefrontal cortex arranged?

Answer 20

It is divided in two on each hemisphere of the brain.

Question 21

Which hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories?

Answer 21

The left prefrontal cortex

Question 22

Which hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling episodic memories?

Answer 22

The right prefrontal cortex.

Question 23

How does Tulving et al’s 1994 study support the LTM having different types?

Answer 23

There is physical reality within the brain representing the different types

Question 24

How does being able to identify the different aspects of the LTM help psychologists?

Answer 24

It allows them to target certain kinds of memory to better people’s lives.

Question 25

What type of memory is most affected by mild cognitive impairment?

Question 26

What findings did Belleville et al (2006) have into the episodic memory?

Answer 26

Demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment.