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psychology: memory > Types of memory > Flashcards

Types of memory Flashcards

1
Q

aWhat does coding mean ?

A
  • The format in which information is processed and stored
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2
Q

What is capacity ?

A

The amount of information that can be held by a memory store

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3
Q

What is duration ?

A

The length of time information can be held in memory

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4
Q

What is short-term memory ?

A
  • limited capacity memory store
  • coding is mainly acoustic
  • capacity is 5-9 items
  • duration around 18 secs
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5
Q

What is long-term memory ?

A
  • permanent memory store
  • coding is mainly semantic
  • unlimited capacity
  • stores memories for a lifetime
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6
Q

What did Baddeley study ?

A
  • He researched coding and what type of words related to each store of memory
  • he split lists of words to 4 participant groups
  • group 1: acoustically similar
  • group 2: acoustically dissimilar
  • group 3: semantically similar
  • group 4: semantically dissimilar
  • He found that short term memory works better with acoustically different words
  • he found that semantically different words were remembered better in the long-term memory store
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7
Q

What did Jacobs study ?

A
  • he studied capacity
  • was called the digit span test
  • participants asked to recall the list of digits until they got one wrong
  • mean score for numbers = 9.3
  • mean score for letters = 7.3
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8
Q

What did Miller study ?

A
  • capacity
  • the magic number was ‘7’
  • He believed that the STM capacity was 7 plus or minus 2
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9
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson study ?

A
  • duration
  • 24 student participants in 8 trials
  • had to remember a constant syllable (trigram) and a three digit number to count back from
  • the higher the retention interval the lower the correct recall response
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10
Q

What did Bahrick study ?

A
  • 392 participants between 17 years old and 74 years old
  • tested recall using year books
  • these used photo recognition and free recall of names
  • it was found that those within 15 years of graduating were 90% accurate
  • those 48 years or older declined to 70%
  • free recall was 60% after 15 yrs and 30% after 48yrs
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11
Q

What are evaluative points of coding ?

A

positive = separate memory stores
- Baddeley identified a clear difference between the two memory stores
negative = artificial stimuli
- Baddeley used a stimuli which cant be used to understand real life scenarios

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12
Q

What are evaluative points of capacity ?

A

Positive = a valid study
- Jacob’s study has been replicated before
Negative = overestimation
- Miller may have overestimated STM capacity
- Nelson Cowan said STM was more like 4 (plus or minus 1)

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13
Q

What are the evaluative points of duration ?

A

Positive = high internal validity
- Banrick had high IV
- investigated meaningful memories
- when studying meaningless memories there is lower recall rates
Negative = meaningless stimuli in STM study
- Peterson’s stimuli was artificial
- doesn’t reflect everyday life
- lacked external validity

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14
Q

Who researched the multi-store memory ?

A

Atkinson and Shifrin

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15
Q

What are the three main components to the multi-store model of memory ?

A
  • Sensory register
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
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16
Q

What are the coding, capacity and duration of the sensory register ?

A

Coding = modality specific
Capacity = high
Duration = 0.5 secs

17
Q

What are the coding, capacity and duration of the short-term memory ?

A

Coding = acoustic
Capacity = 7 (plus or minus 2)
Duration = 15-30 secs

18
Q

What are the coding, capacity and duration of the long-term memory ?

A

Coding = semantic
Capacity = unlimited
Duration = lifetime

19
Q

What is acoustic also referred to in the sensory register ?

A

Echoic

20
Q

What is visual also referred to in the sensory register

A

Iconic

21
Q

What are evaluative points of the multi-store memory ?

A

Positive =support from studies showing that STM and LTM are different
- Baddeley found we tend to mix up words that are similar when using our STM’s
Negative = There is research that shows that there is multiple types of STM
- Shallice and Warrington studied a client called KF
- had a clinical memory disorder - amnesia
- Their STM was digits was poor when read aloud to him
- Recall was much better when he read the digits to himself
- shows there could be another STM for non-verbal sounds (e.g noises)
- shows the MSM is wrong in claiming there is just one type of STM store for processing

psychology: memory (9 decks)

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