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ANAT > UL - Bones > Flashcards

UL - Bones Flashcards

1
Q
  1. In the ____, the two parallel (& second most proximal) bones both articulate with the bone of the proximal segment. (2) with the distal segment directly
A
  1. Forearm

2. Leg

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2
Q

Most mobile part of the upper limb

A

Digits

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3
Q

Which is more mobile - upper or lower limb?

A

Upper limb

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4
Q

The superior appendicular skeleton articulates with the axial skeleton where?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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5
Q

What connects the upper limb to the trunk?

A

Clavicle

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6
Q

Rough portion of the clavicle

A

Inferior surface due to strong ligaments that bind it to the 1st rib near sternal end and suspend scapula from its acromial end

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7
Q

The scapula overlies the ___ to ___ ribs.

A

2nd to 7th

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8
Q

2 scapular fossa. What divides them?

A

Supraspinous fossa (smaller)

Infraspinous fossa (larger)

Divided by spine of scapula

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9
Q

Two parts of the scapula which serve as levers for attached muscles, particularly trapezius.

A

Spine and acromion

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10
Q

What is the vertebral border? Why is called so?

A

In anatomical position, the medial border of the scapula runs parallel to and approximately 5 cm lateral to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae. Thus, termed as vertebral border.

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11
Q

What is the axillary border?

A

From the inferior angle, the lateral border of the scapula runs superolaterally toward the apex of the axilla

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12
Q

What makes up the condyle of the humerus (5)?

A

Trochlea, capitulum, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, radial fossa

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13
Q

Stabilizing bone of the forearm? Longer or shorter than the other bone of the FA?

A

Ulna; longer

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14
Q

2 prominent projections of the ulna?

A

Olecranon and coronoid process

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15
Q

How to determine laterality of ulna?

A

Ulnar styloid process = medial

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16
Q

The tuberosity of the ulna is an attachment site for?

A

The tendon of the brachialis muscle

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17
Q

Which is larger - styloid process or radius or styloid process of ulna? Which extends farther distally?

A

Styloid process of radius

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18
Q

Carpal bones

A 
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
19
Q

What is most commonly used to assess skeletal age?

A

Radiograph of the wrist and hand

20
Q

The ossification centers for which two carpal bones appear first?

A

Capitate and hamate

21
Q

By age __, ossification centers of all carpal bones are visible

A

11

22
Q

In anatomical position, the superior angle of the scapula lies at which vertebral level?

A

T2

23
Q

In anatomical position, the medial end of the root of the scapular spine is opposite the spinous process of which vertebra?

A

T3

24
Q

In anatomical position, the inferior angle of the scapula lies at which vertebral level?

A

T7 (near inferior border of 7th rib and 7th ICS)

25
Q

How do you palpate for the head of the humerus?

A

Push fingers well up in the axillary fossa while the arm is not fully abducted

26
Q

How do you palpate for the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Person’s arm by the side on deep palpation through the deltoid, inferior to the lateral border of the acromion; the most lateral bony point

27
Q

Palpate the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

A

The medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus are subcutaneous and easily palpated on the medial and lateral aspects of the elbow region. The knob- like medial epicondyle, projecting posteromedially, is more prominent than the lateral epicondyle.

28
Q

Palpate the ulnar olecranon

A

The olecranon of the ulna can be easily palpated. When the elbow joint is extended, observe that the tip of the olecranon and humeral epicondyles lie in a straight line. When the elbow is flexed, the olecranon descends until its tip forms the apex of an approximately equilateral triangle, of which the epicondyles form the angles at its base. These normal relationships are important in the diagnosis of certain elbow injuries

29
Q

What demarcates the posteromedial boundary between the flexor-pronator and extensor-supinator compartments of the forearm?

A

Posterior border of the ulna

30
Q

Palpate the head of the ulna

A

Large, rounded subcutaneous prominence that can be easily seen and palpated on the medial side of the dorsal aspect of the wrist, especially when the hand is pronated.

31
Q

What is the “funny bone” sensation?

A

The ulnar nerve feels like a thick cord where it passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus; pressing the nerve here evokes an unpleasant “funny bone” sensation.

32
Q

Which is more common - ulnar or radial deviation of the wrist? Why?

A

Because the process extends more distally than the ulnar styloid process, more ulnar deviation than radial deviation of the wrist is possible.

33
Q

What acts as the pulley for the long extensor tendon of the thumb?

A

Dorsal tubercle of the radius

34
Q

When measuring the upper limb, for comparison with contralateral limb, what structures are used more commonly?

A

Acromial angle, lateral epicondyle of the humerus, styloid process of the radius, and tip of the 3rd digit`

35
Q

Fascia that invests the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Pectoral fascia

36
Q

The pectoral fascia leaves the lateral border of the pectoralis major and becomes the ___. This forms the __ of the axilla.

A

Axillary fascia; floor

37
Q

Fascial layer deep to the pectoral major, enclosing the subclavius and pectoralis minor

A

Clavipectoral fascia

38
Q

The ulna and radius are joined by this thin, fibrous, but strong membrane.

A

Interosseous membrane

39
Q

Differentiate location of head of ulna vs. head of radius

A

Head of ulna is at the distal end of the FA while head of radius is at the proximal end

40
Q

Surgical incision sites of the forearm?

A

Posteromedially - subcutaneous border of the ulna

Anterolaterally - radial artery

These structures demarcate the fascial compartments containing the muscles in functional groups. Both boundaries are not crossed by motor nerves so site for surgical incision.

41
Q

Flexors and pronators of the FA in the anterior compartment are innervated mainly by?

A

Median nerve (except for 1.5 which is innervated by ulnar nerve)

42
Q

Extensors and supinators of the forearm are in the posterior compartment and are all innervated by?

A

Radial nerve

43
Q

Do fluids and infections in the compartments of the forearm spread easily to other compartments?

A

No because the fascial compartments of the limbs generally end at the joints.

Exception: anterior compartment because it communicates with the central compartment of the palm through the carpal tunnel

44
Q

The tendons of most flexor muscles on the anterior surface of the wrist are held in place by?

A

Palmar carpal ligament and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

ANAT (5 decks)

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