Unit 1 Flashcards
What is hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the cell due to an increased workload. It can result from normal psychologic conditions or abnormal pathologic conditions.
What is atrophy?
Atrophy is a reversible reduction in the size of the cell. It results from disuse, insufficient bloodflow, malnutrition, denervation or reduced endocrine stimulation.
What is hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia, an increase in the number of cells, is caused by an increased workload, hormonal stimulation, or decreased tissue.
What is metaplasia?
Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell with another adult cell that can better endure the change or stress. It’s usually a response to chronic inflammation or your irritation.
What is dysplasia?
In dysplasia, deranged cell growth of specific tissue results in abnormal size, shape, and appearance. Although dysplastic cell changes are adaptive and potentially reversible, they can proceed cancerous changes.
Where does degeneration occur?
Degeneration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, the nucleus remains unaffected.
What are the four causes of cell injury?
Toxin
Infection
Physical insult/injury
Deficit, or lack of water, oxygen, or nutrients
What are two characteristics of lost cell function?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
What is apoptosis?
The mechanism of programmed cell death, marked by shrinkage of the cell, condensation of chromatin, formation of cytoplasmic blebs, and fragmentation of the cell into membrane bound bodies eliminated by phagocytosis.
What is aggulation?
The clumping together of particles, Microorganisms, or blood cells in response to an antigen antibody reaction.
What is a contusion?
An injury of a part without a break in the skin, characterized by swelling, discoloration, and pain.
What does exudate mean?
Fluid, cells, or other substances that have been slowly exuded or have escaped from blood vessels and have been deposited in tissues or on tissue services.
Homeostasis is maintained by self-regulating feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms have three components, list them…
- A sensor mechanisms it senses disruptions in homeostasis
- A control center that regulates the body’s response to disruptions in homeostasis
- An effector mechanism that acts to restore homeostasis
Describe acute/chronic subdural hematomas
Subdural hematomas are usually the result of a serious head injury. When one occurs in this way, it is called an “acute” subdural hematoma. Acute subdural hematomas are among the deadliest of all head injuries. The bleeding fills the brain area very rapidly, compressing brain tissue. This often results in brain injury and may lead to death.
Subdural hematomas can also occur after a very minor head injury, especially in the elderly. These may go unnoticed for many days to weeks, and are called “chronic” subdural hematomas. With any subdural hematoma, tiny veins between the surface of the brain and its outer covering (the dura) stretch and tear, allowing blood to collect. In the elderly, the veins are often already stretched because of brain atrophy (shrinkage) and are more easily injured.
What’s an allograft?
A graft of tissue obtained from a donor genetically different from, though of the same species as the recipient. Also called allogeneic graft, allogeneic homograft, homograft, homologous graft, homoplastic graft.
