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AP Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The knowledge that comes from experience

A

Empiricism

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2
Q

Who researched structuralism? (2 names)

A

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

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3
Q

Uses introspection to reveal the structure of the mind

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

To directly observe one’s own psychological processes

A

Introspection

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5
Q

Who researched functionalism? (2 names)

A

William James and Charles Darwin

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6
Q

To explore how mental and behavioral processes function

A

Functionalism

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7
Q

The belief that psychology should study behavior, not mental processes

A

Behaviorism

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8
Q

A psychological perspective that emphasizes positive human growth

A

Humanistic Psychology

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9
Q

A psychological perspective that focuses on your thoughts and interpretation

A

Cognitive Psychology

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10
Q

The science of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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11
Q

The argument on whether knowledge is innate or not

A

Nature-Nurture issue

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12
Q

A psychological perspective that focuses on the evolution of the behavior and mind

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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13
Q

A psychological perspective that focuses on observable behavior

A

Behavioral Psychology

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14
Q

A psychological perspective that focuses on the brain and neurons

A

Biological Psychology

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15
Q

A psychological perspective that focuses on the unconscious mind

A

Psychodynamic Psychology

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16
Q

A psychological perspective that focuses on how the environment affects behavior

A

Social-Cultural Psychology

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17
Q

Memory enhances after self-testing instead of rereading

A

Testing effect

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18
Q

The study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

A

Psychometrics

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19
Q

Science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge

A

Basic Research

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20
Q

Studies physical, cognitive, and social change

A

Developmental Psychology

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21
Q

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

Applied Research

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22
Q

To believe that one could foresee an outcome

A

Hindsight Bias

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23
Q

An explanation that organizes observations and predicts events

A

Theory

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24
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by theory

A

Hypothesis

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25
Q

A statement of the exact procedures used in a study, necessary for replication

A

Operational Definition (OD)

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26
Q

The process of repeating the essence of a research study to test accuracy

A

Replication

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27
Q

An individual/group is studied in hope of revealing the principle

A

Case Study

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28
Q

The process of observing and recording behavior without manipulation

A

Naturalistic Observation

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29
Q

Self-reported attitudes or opinions of a particular group

A

Survey

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30
Q

A flawed sampling process that has an unrepresentative sample

A

Sampling Bias

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31
Q

All members of a group that is being studied

A

Population

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32
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population since it’s random and there is no bias

A

Random sample

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33
Q

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together

A

Correlation

34
Q

A statistical index of the relationship between two things

A

Correlation coefficient

35
Q

Anything that can vary and is ethical to measure in an experiment

A

Variable

36
Q

A graphed cluster of dots that represent data

A

Scatterplot

37
Q

The process of perceiving a non-existent relationship or an overly-strong relationship

A

Illusory correlation

38
Q

When extreme or unusual scores fall back toward the average

A

Regression toward the mean

39
Q

The process of manipulating factors to observe the effect on mental and behavioral processes

A

Experiment

40
Q

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment

A

Experimental Group

41
Q

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment

A

Control Group

42
Q

The process of assigning people to an experimental group or control group by random

A

Random assignment

43
Q

When the participants and staff don’t know who received the treatment

A

Double-blind procedure

44
Q

When the participants are unaware if they received the treatment, but the staff knows

A

Single-blind procedure

45
Q

Experiment results caused by expectations alone

A

Placebo effect

46
Q

A mock of the independent variable, used to trick the control group

A

Placebo

47
Q

The factor that is manipulated in an experiment

A

Independent Variable

48
Q

The outcome that is measured in an experiment

A

Dependent Varibale

49
Q

An unexpected factor that may influence a study’s result

A

Confounding Variable

50
Q

The extent to which a test or experiment measures

A

Validity

51
Q

The action of giving participants information before they commit to participate

A

Informed consent

52
Q

The post-experimental explanation of a study

A

Debriefing

53
Q

The data used to measure or describe the characteristics of a group

A

Descriptive statistics

54
Q

A bar graph that depicts a frequency distribution

A

Histogram

55
Q

The average of a distribution

A

Mean

56
Q

The most frequently occurring number in a distribution

A

Mode

57
Q

The middle number in a distribution

A

Median

58
Q

A representation of numbers that differ from the average value

A

Skewed distribution

59
Q

The difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

Range

60
Q

A measure of how much scores or numbers vary around the mean

A

Standard deviation

61
Q

A curve that describes the distribution of data

A

Normal curve

62
Q

Data that allows somebody to infer the result

A

Inferential statistics

63
Q

A statement of how likely it is to get obtained result

A

Statistical significance

64
Q

Who introduced psychodynamic psychology?

A

Sigmund Freud

65
Q

Who believed that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies? (2 names)

A

Socrates and Plato

66
Q

Who believed that knowledge is not preexisting and that it comes from experience?

A

Aristotle

67
Q

Who believed that the mind is a “blank slate” at birth?

A

John Locke

68
Q

Who created the first psychology laboratory?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

69
Q

Who has denied a degree from Harvard and went on to be the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

70
Q

Who received the first Psychology Ph.D. as a woman and was the second female president of the American Psychological Association?

A

Margaret Flay Washburn

71
Q

Who received the first Psychology Ph.D. as a woman and was the second female president of the American Psychological Association?

A

Margaret Flay Washburn

72
Q

Who dismissed introspection and believed psychology was the study of observable behavior? (2 names)

A

John B Watson and BF Skinner

73
Q

Who focused on the potential for positive growth? (2 names)

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

74
Q

Who discovered that nerve pathways allowed for reflexes?

A

René Descartes

75
Q

Who came up with the idea of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

76
Q

Data that has been proven by research outweighs the expectations

A

Anecdotal

77
Q

Indicates a direct relationship

A

Positive Correlation

78
Q

Indicates an inverse relationship

A

Negative Correlation

79
Q

When two variables seem to be related but are most likely not

A

Third Variable Problem

80
Q

The belief that a trend of a given outcome lowers the probability of observing the outcome of the new trial

A

Gambler’s Fallacy

81
Q

An extreme value that is either much less or much greater than the other values

A

Outlier

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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