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ap psychology > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

all or none response

A

a neuron fires completely or not at all

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2
Q

empiricism

A

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

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3
Q

structuralism

A

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.

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4
Q

introspection

A

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings.

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5
Q

functionalism

A

A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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6
Q

behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

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7
Q

humanistic psychology

A

A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

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8
Q

cognitive psychology

A

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

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9
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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10
Q

psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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11
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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12
Q

natural selection

A

The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

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13
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

he study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

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14
Q

behavior genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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15
Q

culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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16
Q

positive psychology

A

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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17
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

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18
Q

behavioral psychology

A

The scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning.

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19
Q

biological psychology

A

branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

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20
Q

psychodynamic psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior.

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21
Q

social-cultural psychology

A

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

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22
Q

testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than simply rereading it.

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23
Q

SQ3R

A

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review.

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24
Q

Psychometrics

A

The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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25
Q

Basic Research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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26
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

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27
Q

Educational Psychology

A

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

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28
Q

Personality Psychology

A

The study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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29
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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30
Q

Applied Research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

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31
Q

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

A

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

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32
Q

Human Factors Psychology

A

An I-O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact.

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33
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.

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34
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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35
Q

Psychiatry

A

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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36
Q

Community Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

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37
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

38
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

39
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

40
Q

Operational Definition

A

A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.

41
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances.

42
Q

Case Study

A

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles.

43
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

44
Q

Survey

A

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

45
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

46
Q

Population

A

All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

47
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

48
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

49
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).

50
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

51
Q

Scatter Plot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.

52
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

53
Q

Regression Toward the mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average.

54
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.

55
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

56
Q

control group

A

n an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

57
Q

random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

58
Q

double-blind procedue

A

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

59
Q

placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

60
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

61
Q

confounding variables

A

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.

62
Q

dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

63
Q

validity

A

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

64
Q

informed consent

A

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

65
Q

debriefing

A

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

66
Q

descriptive statistics

A

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

67
Q

histogram

A

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution.

68
Q

skewed distribution

A

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

69
Q

inferential statistics

A

Numerical methods used to determine whether research results are statistically significant.

70
Q

statistical significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

71
Q

Socrates

A

Ancient Greek philosopher known for his contributions to ethics and his Socratic method, a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue to stimulate critical thinking.

72
Q

Plato

A

Student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, he founded the Academy in Athens and wrote extensively on philosophy, including ideas about the soul and knowledge.

73
Q

Aristotle

A

A student of Plato, Aristotle is considered one of the founding figures in Western philosophy. His works cover a wide range of subjects, including psychology, where he explored topics like memory, emotion, and perception.

74
Q

Rene Descartes

A

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Often regarded as the father of modern philosophy, he proposed dualism, the idea that the mind and body are distinct entities.

75
Q

Francis Bacon

A

An English philosopher and statesman who advocated for the scientific method and empiricism, emphasizing the importance of observation and experimentation.

76
Q

John Locke

A

An English philosopher whose ideas influenced the Enlightenment and modern philosophy. He is known for his theory of tabula rasa, suggesting that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

77
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Often considered the father of psychology, Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, and promoted the use of introspection as a method of studying consciousness.

78
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

A pioneer in American psychology, Hall founded the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and was the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

79
Q

Edward B. Tichner

A

A student of Wundt, Titchener introduced structuralism in psychology, focusing on the analysis of the basic elements of consciousness through introspection.

80
Q

William James

A

An American philosopher and psychologist, James is known for his contributions to functionalism, emphasizing the adaptive functions of consciousness and behavior.

81
Q

Charles Darwin

A

A naturalist and biologist, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized biology and had a profound impact on psychology, particularly in the study of behavior and its adaptive functions.

82
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

An American psychologist who became the first woman to complete the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology, although she was denied the degree by Harvard University.

83
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology and the second female president of the APA, Washburn made significant contributions to the study of animal behavior.

84
Q

John B. Watson

A

An American psychologist and behaviorist, Watson is known for his emphasis on observable behavior and the rejection of introspection. He conducted the famous Little Albert experiment.

85
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

A behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning, emphasizing the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior.

86
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, Freud developed theories about the unconscious mind, the role of sexuality, and the structure of personality.

87
Q

Carl Rogers

A

An influential humanistic psychologist who emphasized the importance of personal growth, self-actualization, and the client-centered therapy approach.

88
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Another key figure in humanistic psychology, Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs, suggesting that human behavior is motivated by the pursuit of basic needs and higher-level goals.

89
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

A Russian physiologist known for his work on classical conditioning, demonstrating how environmental stimuli could elicit reflex responses.

90
Q

Jean Piaget

A

A Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development, outlining the stages of intellectual growth in children.

91
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

A 19th-century reformer and advocate for mental health treatment, Dix worked to improve the conditions of mental institutions and the treatment of individuals with mental illness.

ap psychology (7 decks)

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