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Microbiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many prokaryotes share the planet with us?

A

5 x 10^30

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2
Q

what is the number of bacterial species worldwide estimated?

A

more than 1 billion

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3
Q

what are the two major cell types?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

contain cell wall made of peptidoglycan, more of them are these

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5
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain cell walls made of chitin, cellulose, cytoplasm moves, 80s ribosomes

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6
Q

Three domain system names

A

bacteria - prokaryotic
archaea - prokaryotic
eukarya - eukaryotic

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7
Q

info about preparation of specimens

A

thin film of solution of microbes on slide
smear is fixed to attach the microbes to slide and kill microbes

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8
Q

Preparing slides for staining

A

-bacteria have negative charge at pH 7
-positive staining - directly stains organism
-positively charged dye attracted to negatively charged bacteria

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9
Q

preparing slides for staining - negative

A

-aka acidic
-negative dye repelled by bacteria
-good for looking at morphology and arrangement
-example: nigrosine

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10
Q

Simple staining

A

highlight entire organism
steps: prepare smear, heat fix, apply blue stain one minute, wash stain with water, view under oil immersion lens

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11
Q

Differential staining

A

Helps ID bacteria, uses primary and secondary stain, helps ID certain cell parts

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12
Q

Gram’s Stain

A

-positive cell wall - thick peptidoglycan wall, 30/40 layers
-negative cell wall - 3-5 layers of cell wall

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13
Q

Basis for technique gram stain

A

crystal violet crystals and iodine will trapped deep in peptidoglycan layer

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14
Q

Gram Positive

A

bacteria will resist decolorizing action of 95% ethyl alcohol, bacteria remain purple

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15
Q

Gram Negative

A

bacteria will give up crystal violet due to the lack of chemical bonding and very thin peptidoglycan layer, bacteria will be colorless until counter stained. contain stain in test is safranin (red)

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16
Q

what’s the most important identification technique

A

gram stain

17
Q

Gram stain steps

A

smear slide and heat fix, cover with crystal violet for one minute, gently wash with de-ionized water, add grams iodine for one minute, wash with 95% alcohol for 10-20 sec or until alcohol is colorless, wash with de-ionized water, add safranin 30-45 seconds, gently wash 2 sec, blot dry, view under oil lens

18
Q

Importance of gram stain

A

most important staining technique
-can see source of sample, shape, arrangement, motility, metabolic tests
person can ID species of bacteria
-all species are either gram + or -

19
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. coccus or cocci - sphere shaped
  2. bacillus or bacilli - rod shaped
  3. spiral
20
Q

Two cocci =

A

Diplococci

20
Q

Four cocci =

A

Tetracocci

21
Q

Cluster of cocci

A

Staphylococci

22
Q

Two bacilli =

A

Diplobacilli

23
Q

Chain of cocci
Chain of bacilli

A

Streptococci
Streptobacilli

24
Q

Scanning TM
Low TM
High TM
Oil TM

A

40x
100x
400x
1000x

25
Q

Average Ocular Calibration um/o.u

A

Scanning 25
Low 10
High 2.5
Oil 1

26
Q

What groups of living things contain microbes?

A

Bacteria, fungus, viruses, protozoans, worms/helminths

27
Q

Round trip question

A

16.7 trillion round trips

28
Q

how many species cause us disease?

A

2,000 species - only 40-50 of those are bacteria

29
Q

Political cartoonist

A

duffy - wrote cartoons for des moines register
-delivered these through middle school and high school
12 pound bacterium in slide

30
Q

is bacteria plural

A

yes

31
Q

bacteria - plural

A

bacterium

32
Q

Positive staining =

A

Positive dye

33
Q

Endospore staining importance

A

-only certain species produce endospores (resting state of the cell)
-dye is forced in by heat
-can stand environmental changes
-distinguish between spores (green) and vegetative cells (red)

34
Q

endospore staining steps

A

make a smear and heat fix, cover smear with paper towel and saturate with malachite green, steam over water for 5-10 minutes, remove paper towel, wash with water, counterstain with safranin 60 seconds, wash with water, view under oil immersion

35
Q

acid fast stain importance

A

-small group of bacteria have a large amount of lipid, wax-like material in their cells
-lipid material combines with hot carbolfuchsin (pink)
-carbolfuchsin resists decolorizing of acid alcohol
-many more acid fast negative species than acid fast positive
-all species of mycobacterium sp. are acid fast positive
-identifies tuberculosis and leprosy

36
Q

acid fast staining steps

A

make a smear and heat fix, cover with paper towel, saturate with carbolfuchsin and steam over water for 5-10 minutes, remove paper towel, decolorize with acid alcohol, rinse with water, counterstain with methylene blue for 60 seconds, rinse with water, view under oil immersion

Microbiology (5 decks)

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