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GCSE Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is needed to keep the body healthy?

A

A combination of a balanced diet and regular exercise

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2
Q

A balanced diet

A

A diet that contains the right balance of the different foods you need and the right amount of energy

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3
Q

Food groups in a balanced diet

A

Fibre

Proteins

Minerals and vitamins

Carbohydrates and fats

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4
Q

Why are carbohydrates and fats needed in the body?

A

To provide energy for your body to function correctly

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5
Q

Why are too many carbohydrates and fats bad for you?

A

Excessive carbohydrates and fats can lead to obesity

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6
Q

Obesity

A

Having a body mass of at least 20% greater than the maximum recommended body mass

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7
Q

Common causes of obesity

A

Bad diet

Over-eating

Lack of sufficient exercise

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8
Q

What happens if you have too much saturated fat in your diet?

A

Higher blood pressure from increased blood cholesterol levels

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9
Q

Why are proteins needed in the body?

A

They are used by the body to build cells

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10
Q

Why are minerals and vitamins needed in the body?

A

Healthy functioning of the body

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11
Q

What can too much salt cause?

A

High blood pressure and heart problems

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12
Q

Why is fibre needed in the body?

A

It keeps everything moving smoothly through your digestive system

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13
Q

How can someone become malnourished?

A

From an unbalanced diet

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14
Q

When does a person lose mass?

A

When the energy content of the food taken in is less than the amount of energy expended by the body

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15
Q

What are the two main types of pathogen?

A

Bacteria and viruses

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16
Q

Bacteria

A

Very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body

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17
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

By damaging your cells
By producing toxins

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18
Q

What happens if harmful microorganisms get through the body’s defence system?

A

The immune system kicks in with white blood cells

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19
Q

How do white blood cells protect the body?

A

By consuming and digesting foreign cells
By producing antibodies
By producing antitoxins

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20
Q

Vaccination

A

Injection of small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms

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21
Q

Advantages of vaccinations

A

They have helped to control lots of infectious diseases
Epidemics can be prevented if a large population of people are vaccinated

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22
Q

Disadvantages of vaccinations

A

Vaccines don’t always work
You can sometimes have a bad reaction to vaccines

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23
Q

Painkillers

A

Drugs that relieve pain

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24
Q

Antibiotics

A

Kill bacteria causing the problem without killing the body cells

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25
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Mutation

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26
Q

How can the development of resistant strains be avoided?

A

By not over-prescribing antibiotics - only giving them for serious illnesses

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27
Q

How can antibiotics be investigated?

A

By growing microorganisms in the lab

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28
Q

How do you grow microorganisms in a lab?

A

Microorganisms are grown in a ‘culture medium’, which is usually agar jelly.

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29
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in your enviroment which you may need to react to

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30
Q

What sense organs do you have?

A

Eyes
Ears
Nose
Tongue
Skin

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31
Q

What do the sense organs all contain?

A

Different receptors

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32
Q

Receptors

A

Groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus

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33
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

Changes stimulus energy into electrical impulses

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34
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Where all the information is sent, and where reflexes and actions are coordinated

35
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

36
Q

Neurones

A

Transmit information very quickly to and from the CNS

37
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Nerve cells that carry signals as electrical impulses from the receptors in the sense organs to the CNS

38
Q

Relay neurones

A

Nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurones to motor neurones

39
Q

Motor neurones

A

Nerve cells that carry signals from the CNS to the effectors

40
Q

Types of effectors

A

Muscles
Glands

41
Q

Muscles as effectors

A

Muscles contract in response to a nervous impulse

42
Q

Glands as effectors

A

Glands secrete hormones in response to a nervous impulse

43
Q

Synapse

A

The connection between two neurones

44
Q

How is the nerve signal transferred?

A

By chemicals which diffuse across the gap

45
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic responses to certain stimuli - they reduce the chances of being injured

46
Q

Reflex arc

A

The passage of information in a reflex

47
Q

Where does the reflex arc go through?

A

The CNS

48
Q

Stimulus ->

A

Receptor

49
Q

Receptor ->

A

Sensory neurone

50
Q

Sensory neurone ->

A

Relay neurone

51
Q

Relay neurone ->

A

Motor neurone

52
Q

Motor neurone ->

A

Effector

53
Q

Effector ->

A

Response

54
Q

What happens when impulses reach a synapse?

A

Chemicals are released which cause impulses

55
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells

56
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

In various glands

57
Q

What are two examples of hormones?

A

The pituitary gland
Ovaries

58
Q

The pituitary gland

A

Produces many important hormones including FSH and LH, which are involved in the menstrual cycle

59
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce oestrogen, which is involved in the menstrual cycle

60
Q

How many stages does the menstrual cycle have?

A

Four

61
Q

What is stage one of the menstrual cycle?

A

Bleeding starts, uterus lining breaks down for about four days

62
Q

What is stage two of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus builds up again from day 4 to day 14

63
Q

What is stage three of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg is released from the ovary at day 14

64
Q

What is stage four of the menstrual cycle?

A

The wall is maintained for about 14 days. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the whole cycle starts again

65
Q

What are the three main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
Oestrogen
LH (Lutenising Hormone)

66
Q

FSH

A

Produced by the pituitary gland
Causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries
Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

67
Q

Oestrogen

A

Produced in the ovaries
Causes pituitary to produce LH
Inhibits the further release of FSH

68
Q

LH

A

Produced by the pituitary gland
Stimulates the release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle

69
Q

What can hormones be used for?

A

To reduce and increase fertility

70
Q

What hormones can reduce fertility?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

71
Q

What does a contraceptive pill contain?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

72
Q

Advantages of the contraceptive pill

A

99% effective at preventing pregnancy
Reduces the risk of getting some types of cancer

73
Q

Disadvantages of the contraceptive pill

A

Not 100% effective
Can cause side effects
Doesn’t protect against STDs

74
Q

What hormones can increase fertility?

A

FSH
LH

75
Q

IVF

A

Fertilising eggs in a lab and transferring them into the mother’s womb

76
Q

Auxin

A

Plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

77
Q

What are environmental changes caused by?

A

Living factors
Non-living factors

78
Q

Living factors that cause environmental change

A

A change in the occurence of infectious diseases
A change in the number of predators
A change in the availability of food sources
A change in the number or types of competitors

79
Q

Non-living factors that cause environmental change

A

A change in the average temperature or rainfall
A change in the level of air or water pollution

80
Q

How do environmental changes affect population?

A

Population size increases or decreases
Population distribution changes

81
Q

How does the carbon cycle start?

A

CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by green plants and algae

82
Q

Where does the CO2 that plants and algae take in go?

A

Returned to the atmosphere in respiration
Becomes part of fats and proteins when animals eat plants and algae
Returned to atmosphere when these animals respire
When plants, algae and animals die, detritus feeders feed on the remains, and release this CO2 in respiration

83
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The fusion of male and female gametes, and the offspring contain a mixture of their parents’ genes

84
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Only one parent - the offspring is identical

GCSE Biology (3 decks)

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