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Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that can not be broken down into other substances.

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

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3
Q

What are the subatomic particles?

A

Proton (+)
Electron (-)
Neutron (~)

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4
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Atom’s central core, contains protons and neutrons

Electrons orbit the nucleus

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5
Q

What is an element’s atomic number?

A

Number of protons (equal to the number of electrons)

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6
Q

What is an element’s atomic mass?

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

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7
Q

What is an isotope?

A

And isotope is an atom that has the same number of protons and electrons as a normal atom but a different number of neutrons

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8
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

An isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

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9
Q

What are electron shells?

A

Certain energy levels where electrons occur.

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10
Q

The number of electron shells an atom has depends on what?

A

The atom’s atomic number

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11
Q

What does the number of electrons in an atom’s outer shell determine?

A

Chemical properties and reactivity (when the outer shell is not full, the atom is more reactive)

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12
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons

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13
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A bond where two ions with opposite charges attract each other and the attraction holds them together

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14
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons

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15
Q

What is a compound?

A

Substance consisting of 2 or more elements

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16
Q

What is a double bond?

A

A covalent bond sharing 2 pairs of electrons

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17
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

An atom’s attraction for shared electrons and its need to fill its electron shells

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18
Q

What is a non polar covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally among atom’s

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19
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond where one part of the molecule has a positive charge and one part has a negative charge

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20
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule that has an unequal distribution of charges

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21
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of molecules to stick together

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22
Q

Why is water cohesion special?

A

It is stronger than the cohesion of other liquids

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23
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Clinging of one substance to another

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24
Q

What is surface tension?

A

How difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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25
Q

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

A

Heat is the amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules and temperature is the intensity of heat

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26
Q

Why is water less dense as a solid than as a liquid?

A

Ice has 3D crystals that have spaciously arranged molecules versus tightly packed molecules in water

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27
Q

What is a solution?

A

Liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances

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28
Q

what is a solvent?

A

The dissolving agent in a solution

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29
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

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30
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

A solution where water is the solvent

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31
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

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32
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that accepts hydrogen ions and removes them from a solution

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33
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Potential of hydrogen

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34
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Substance that minimizes changes in pH

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35
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter.

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36
Q

What is a reactant?

A

The starting material for a chemical reaction

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37
Q

What is a product?

A

The result of a chemical reaction

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38
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A group of atom’s bonded together

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39
Q

If an atom _______ electrons it becomes positive and if it _______ electrons it becomes negative

A

Loses

Gains

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40
Q

What is the Octet Rule?

A

Atoms are most stable when their outer electron shell is full

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41
Q

What is reactivity determined by?

A

The number of electrons in an atom’s outer shell versus the number of electrons that shell can hold
(The less full, the more reactive)

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42
Q

How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?

A

2

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43
Q

How many electrons can the second electron shell hold?

A

8

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44
Q

How many electrons can the third electron shell hold?

A

18

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45
Q

What number of electrons (other than 18) causes the third electron shell to be stable?

A

8

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46
Q

What is the difference between the Boher and Lewis dot models?

A

In the Boher model you draw all the electrons where as in the Lewis Dot diagram you only draw the electrons in the outer shell

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47
Q

Is water polar?

A

Yes

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48
Q

Why is water called the Universal Solvent?

A

It can dissolve most ionic compounds

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49
Q

What is the formula for density?

A

Mass per unit volume
D=m(g)
——
v(L)

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50
Q

What is the density of water?

A

1.00 g/mL

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51
Q

Why is water cohesive?

A

Water’s negativity charged ends bond with the positively charged ends

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52
Q

What is capillary action?

A

When water molecules chain together and travel up something due to cohesion and adhesion

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53
Q

What is high specific heat?

A

Water absorbs large amounts of heat while only raising it’s temperature a little

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54
Q

What is evaporative cooling?

A

When water evaporates to cool off the body

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55
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Two or more substances mixed with no chemical change

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56
Q

What is saturation?

A

The point at which the solvent can’t dissolve any more solute

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57
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A mixture where particles settle over time

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58
Q

What are colloids?

A

Large groups of molecules dispersed in water that don’t settle over time

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59
Q

What are hydrophilic substances?

A

Substances that dissolve in water

Are polar

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60
Q

What are hydrophobic substances?

A

Substances that don’t dissolve in water

Are non polar

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61
Q

What are the organic compounds?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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62
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds produced by, consumed by, or excreted by living things

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63
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds that do not contain carbon and aren’t produced by, excreted by, or consumed by living things

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64
Q

What are the inorganic compounds that DO contain carbon?

A

CO2, CO, bicarbonate

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65
Q

What is the most abundant and important inorganic compound?

A

Water?

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66
Q

What are organic compounds made of?

A

Hundreds of thousands of individual molecules

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67
Q

What are monomers?

A

Single molecules/building blocks

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68
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long molecules formed by repeating patterns of monomers

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69
Q

What do functional groups do?

A

Determine many of the properties of organic compounds

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70
Q

What do functional groups attach to?

A

Carbon atoms or a carbon chain

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71
Q

What are the 6 functional groups?

A

Phosphate, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, and methyl

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72
Q

What is the formula for the phosphate functional group?

A

PO4

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73
Q

What is the formula for the hydroxyl group?

A

OH

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74
Q

What is the formula for the methyl group?

A

CH3

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75
Q

What is the formula for the carboxyl group?

A

COOH

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76
Q

What is the formula for the carbonyl group?

A

CO

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77
Q

What is the formula for the amino group?

A

NH2

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78
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules/ organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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79
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

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80
Q

Glucose is the main source of ______ for _______.

A

Energy

Human consumption

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81
Q

Even though glucose, fructose and galactose have the same formula (C6 H12 O6) they are different because________?

A

They are arranged differently

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82
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

One sugar molecule

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83
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Taking out water to form something new

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84
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis

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85
Q

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of what?

A

Disaccharides

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86
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose + fructose

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87
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

Glucose+ galactose

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88
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

Glucose + glucose

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89
Q

What are the 2 functions of carbohydrates?

A

Main source of energy for living things and the structural components of cells

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90
Q

What are carbohydrates found in?

A

Grains
Vegetables
Fruits
Sugars

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91
Q

What is chitin?

A

Polysaccharide that forms the cell walls of fungi

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92
Q

What is starch?

A

Molecule in which plants store glucose

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93
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Liver

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94
Q

What is insoluble fiber?

A

Cellulose that passes through our digestive tract, important for digestion

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95
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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96
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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97
Q

What are the protein structure levels?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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98
Q

What is primary protein structure?

A

Polypeptides, the unique sequence of amino acids

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99
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

The ways polypeptides fold, alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

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100
Q

What is tertiary protein structure?

A

The overall 3D structure of the protein

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101
Q

What is quaternary protein structure?

A

The association of subunits and how they intertwine and attach

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102
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

2 amino acids bonded by dehydration synthesis

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103
Q

45% of the human body is made of what?

A

Proteins

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104
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of internal conditions

105
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A class of proteins that aid in the completion of chemical reactions

106
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

107
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance that enzymes bond to

108
Q

What is a denatured enzyme?

A

An enzyme that has been exposed to extreme temperatures or pH levels and it’s shape changes to the point where it can no longer function

109
Q

What do enzymes do?

A
  1. Regulate homeostasis
  2. Help to build cellular structures
  3. Regulate cell division
  4. Transmit nerve impulses
  5. Assist in building many structures jn the body
110
Q

What are the 2 functions of carbohydrates?

A

Main source of energy for living things and the structural components of cells

111
Q

What are carbohydrates found in?

A

Grains
Vegetables
Fruits
Sugars

112
Q

What is chitin?

A

Polysaccharide that forms the cell walls of fungi

113
Q

What is starch?

A

Molecule in which plants store glucose

114
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Liver

115
Q

What is insoluble fiber?

A

Cellulose that passes through our digestive tract, important for digestion

116
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

117
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

118
Q

What are the protein structure levels?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

119
Q

What is primary protein structure?

A

Polypeptides, the unique sequence of amino acids

120
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

The ways polypeptides fold, alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

121
Q

What is tertiary protein structure?

A

The overall 3D structure of the protein

122
Q

What is quaternary protein structure?

A

The association of subunits and how they intertwine and attach

123
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

2 amino acids bonded by dehydration synthesis

124
Q

45% of the human body is made of what?

A

Proteins

125
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of internal conditions

126
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A class of proteins that aid in the completion of chemical reactions

127
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

128
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance that enzymes bond to

129
Q

What is a denatured enzyme?

A

An enzyme that has been exposed to extreme temperatures or pH levels and it’s shape changes to the point where it can no longer function

130
Q

What do enzymes do?

A
  1. Regulate homeostasis
  2. Help to build cellular structures
  3. Regulate cell division
  4. Transmit nerve impulses
  5. Assist in building many structures jn the body
131
Q

What does the suffix -ose mean?

A

sugar

132
Q

What does the suffix -ase mean?

A

enzyme

133
Q

What enzyme breaks down amylose?

A

amylase

134
Q

The enzyme lactase breaks down what sugar?

A

lactose

135
Q

What are the 4 types of reactions that occur in the body?

A
  1. Acid/Base catalysis
  2. Covalent catalysis
  3. Electostatic catalysis
  4. Proximity and Orientation effects
136
Q

What is acid/base catalysis?

A

proton transfer

137
Q

What is covalent catalysis?

A

electron transfer

138
Q

What is electostatic catalysis?

A

stabilizing an electric charge

139
Q

What are proximity and orientation effects?

A

bringing molecules together

140
Q

how does a light microscope work?

A

passing visible light through a specimen

141
Q

What is magnification?

A

the increase in apparent size

142
Q

What is resolution?

A

the clarity of an image

143
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

shines a beam of electrons on a specimen

144
Q

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

A

surfaces are covered with a thin sheet of metal than emits electrons when hit with a beam

145
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope used for?

A

to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces

146
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope used for?

A

to study internal cell structure

147
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

All living things are made of cells and all cells come from other cells

148
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Phospholipids

149
Q

How do fatty acids attach to glycerol?

A

Dehydration synthesis

150
Q

what are the 4 categories of lipids?

A

Fats
oils
waxes
steroids

151
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

It has the max number of H in its carbon tail with few double bonds
Solid at room temp

152
Q

fats are mostly ____ source.

A

animal

153
Q

What type of fat is exclusively animal source?

A

Cholesterol

154
Q

True/false

Oils are unsaturated

A

true

155
Q

Unsaturated means…

A

It has less than the max number of H in carbon tail

liquid at room temp

156
Q

oils are mostly ____ based

A

plant

157
Q

In general, which is healthier, fats or oils?

A

oils

158
Q

oils are _____, fats are _______

A

unsaturated, saturated

159
Q

1 gram of fat = ___ kcal

A

9

160
Q

What is the maximum H a lipid can have in its carbon tail?

A

3

161
Q

What structure is cholesterol?

A

ring

162
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

energy storage
protection for organs
protection/insulation or neurons

163
Q

What makes up lipids?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

164
Q

What functional groups make up carbohydrates?

A

carbonyl, hydroxyl

165
Q

What functional groups make up proteins?

A

carboxyl, amino

166
Q

What are the 3 nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

167
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

contains genetic material

168
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

instructions to make protiens

169
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

chemical energy

170
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

AdenosineTriPhosphate

171
Q

Glucose is converted into ___ so it can be used as energy

A

ATP

172
Q

1 glucose can form up to ___ ATP

A

40

173
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

1 adenine, 1 ribose, 3 phosphates

174
Q

adenine+ribose=?

A

adenosine

175
Q

Where is energy stored in ATP?

A

between phosphates

176
Q

When does ATP release energy?

A

when it is changed from ATP to ADP(2 phosphates)

177
Q

What is the formula for ribose?

A

C5 H10 O5

178
Q

What is the formula for deoxyribose?

A

C5 H10 O4

179
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

180
Q

What type of structure does DNA have?

A

alpha helix (or ladder)

181
Q

What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder?

A

deoxyribose alternating with phosphates

182
Q

Deoxyribose is a _____

A

sugar

183
Q

What makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder?

A

nucleotide bases

184
Q

All nucleic acids have what 3 things?

A

1 sugar, 1 base, and 1 phosphate

185
Q

a 5 prime end of DNA is always opposite of a 3 prime end.

What is on the end of a 5 prime end? A 3 prime?

A

5 prime- phosphate

3 prime- hydroxyl

186
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

in the nucleus

187
Q

True/False

All of your DNA is in every single cell but not all of it is used in every cell

A

true

188
Q

What are the 4 nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine

189
Q

Which two nucleotide bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

190
Q

Which two nucleotide bases are pyramidines?

A

Cytosine and thymine

191
Q

How many rings do purines have?

A

1

192
Q

How many rings do pyramidines have?

A

2

193
Q

What are the nucleotide base pairs?

A

Adenine and Thymine

Cytosine and Guanine

194
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

RiboNucleic Acid

195
Q

What is RNA made of?

A

Ribose, Phosphate group, nitrogenous bases

196
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

in the ribosome

197
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

ribosomal RNA

198
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

transfer RNA

199
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

takes amino acids to the ribosome

200
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

messenger RNA

201
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

goes to the nucleus and copies DNA to take to the ribosome

202
Q

What is the difference between the structure of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded

203
Q

What are the sides of the RNA ladder made of?

A

ribose and phosphate

204
Q

What replaces Thymine in RNA?

A

Uracil

205
Q

What matches with Uracil in RNA?

A

Adenine

206
Q

What are Macrominerals?

A

minerals that you need more than 100 mg of

207
Q

What are trace minerals?

A

minerals that you need less than 100 mg of

208
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

positively or negatively charged minerals that help regulate fluid balance

209
Q

What are the electrolyte minerals?

A

chlorine, sodium, potassium

210
Q

What are the major minerals (excluding electrolyte minerals)

A

calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfer

211
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic compounds needed by your body to regulate chemical reactions and maintain structures

212
Q

What are the sources of dietary minerals?

A

animal based foods, plant based foods, supplements, or minerals added to foods

213
Q

What are the trace minerals?

A

iron, zinc, iodine, copper, magnesium, fluoride, selelnium,

chromium, and molybdenum

214
Q

1mg=1g x ___

A

10^ -3

215
Q

10^ -3 = ____

A

0.001

216
Q

1µg= 1g x ____

A

10^ -6

217
Q

10^-6=___

A

0.000001

218
Q

How are vitamins classified?

A

By how they are dissolved- fat soluble or water soluble

219
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

All of the B vitamins, vitamin C, and folate

220
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A, D,E, and K

221
Q

Vitamins have ___ calories, and therefore ____ energy

A

0, no

222
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

vitamins that bind to an enzyme to help activate it

223
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Minerals that bind to enzymes to help to activate them

224
Q

What is the RDA for a 14-18 year old female for Vitamin D?

A

15 mcg

225
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D in the body?

A

promotes calcium absorption in the gut

needed for bone growth and remodeling, modulation of cell growth, and immune function

226
Q

Where is Vitamin D found?

A

sunlight, fish, dairy, beans, eggs

227
Q

What is Vitamin D deficiency called?

A

rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults)

228
Q

Where is Vitamin C found?

A

citrus fruits, green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, sweet potatoes, and white potatoes

229
Q

What is the RDA for a 14-18 year old female for Vitamin C?

A

65 mg

230
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C in the body?

A

important for immune system response, repair and maintenance of healthy tissue, and acts as an antioxidant,
strengthens connective tissue, helps normal growth and development, aids in wound healing, and helps the absorption of iron

231
Q

What is Vitamin C deficiency called?

A

Scurvy

232
Q

What is the RDA for a 14-18 year old female for Calcium?

A

1,300 mg

233
Q

What is the function of calcium in the body?

A

helps with muscle function, nerve transmission, strong bones and teeth, regular heartbeat, healthy gums

234
Q

Where can calcium be found?

A

cheese, yogurt, milk, sardines, dark leafy greens, chocolate, almonds

235
Q

What is calcium deficiency called?

A

hypocalcemia and osteoporosis

236
Q

What is the function of magnesium in the body?

A

muscle and nerve control, blood pressure regulation, energy production, structural development of bone, synthesis of DNA and RNA

237
Q

Where can magnesium be found?

A

dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, fish, beans, whole grains, avocados, yogurt, bananas

238
Q

What can magnesium deficiency cause?

A

nausea, vomiting, fatigue, cramps, seizures, personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms

239
Q

What is the function of zinc in the body?

A

helps with cellular metabolism, catalytic activity of over 100 enzymes, immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division, protects liver

240
Q

Where can zinc be found?

A

seafood, beef, lamb, spinach, pumpkin seeds, nuts, chocolate, pork, chicken

241
Q

What can zinc deficiency cause?

A

growth retardation, loss of appetite, impaired immune function, hair loss, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased wound healing, infertility

242
Q

What type of bond bonds together nucleotide bases?

A

hydrogen bond

243
Q

Where is Vitamin K found?

A

cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, other leafy green vegetables, cereals

244
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K?

A

helps with blood clotting, proper liver function, convert glucose to glycogen

245
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A?

A

helps with immune function, vision, reproduction, cellular communication

246
Q

Where is Vitamin A found?

A

sweet potatoes, carrots, dark leafy greens, lettuce, dried apricots, cantaloupe, bell peppers, fish

247
Q

What can Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

diarrhea, night blindness, anemia

248
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E in the body?

A

heart health, antioxidant, removes plaque from arteries, heals burns, lessens scar tissue, inhibits blood clots in vessels, immune system function

249
Q

Where is Vitamin E found?

A

tofu, spinach, nuts, sunflower seeds, avocados, shellfish, fish, brocolli

250
Q

What does Vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

anemia, neurological deficits

251
Q

Animals store carbohydrates in ____

Plants store it in ____

A

glycogen

cellulose

252
Q

What is the opposite of dehydration synthesis?

A

hydrolosis

253
Q

What is the difference between fat and water soluble vitamins?

A

WATER- can’t be stored in the body, excess flushed out through urine, need to consume daily, toxicity is not an issue
FAT- stored in the body, don’t need to obtain daily, can be toxic in excess

254
Q

What type of structure does hemoglobin have?

A

Quaternary

255
Q

What is the function of iron in the body?

A

Production of hemoglobin and myoglobin and the oxygenation of red blood cells

256
Q

Where can iron be found?

A

Artichokes, egg yolks, scallops, red meat, dark leafy greens, oysters, dried fruit, legumes

257
Q

What does iron deficiency cause?

A

Anemia, brittle hair, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, ridged nails, nervousness, obesity, slowness of mind

258
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

a substance that attaches to the active site of an enzyme so the substrate cannot bind to it

259
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

A substance that binds to an enzyme somewhere other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme so the substrate cannot bind

Biology (3 decks)

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