Unit 1

Question 1

Describe introspection, as Wundt employed it.

Answer 1

Rigorous study of immediate experience. Attept to describe things objectively

Question 2

As physiology and psychology were developing during the late 19th and 20th centuries, what was the primary methodology of clinical investigation?

Answer 2

The Group Comparison

Question 3

S&B Main categories of generalization

Answer 3

TSITTUPMT

1. Train and Hope
2. Sequential Modification
3. Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contingencies
4. Train Sufficient Exemplars
5. Train Loosely
6. Use Indiscriminable Contingencies
7. Program Common Stimuli
8. Mediate Generalization
9. Train “To Generalize”.

Question 4

S&B Most frequent method of examining generalization

Answer 4

Train and Hope

Question 5

Clinical significance vs. statistical significance

Answer 5

Statistical significance demonstrates an effect, but the threshold for clinical significance is higher, it must be a meaningful effect.

Question 6

In 1968, Baer, Wolf, & Risley described two types of experimental designs that can be used to show controlling effects of treatment on behavior. List these two designs.

Answer 6

Multiple Baseline and Reversal

Question 7

What is the name of the journal that, in 1968, emerged devoted to single-case methodology in applied research in behavior modification? What is the relevance of the experimental analysis of behavior to applied research?

Answer 7

JABA

Question 8

What is the purpose of repeated measurement

Answer 8

allows for finer grain detail to provide more information on how why and when change occurred

Question 9

Functions of baseline.

Answer 9

Prediction, verification, replication

Question 10

Why does Leitenberg (1973) contend that the reversal design is inappropriately labeled? What term does her offer instead? Be sure your answer explains the difference between the two terms.

Answer 10

Because not true return to baseline.

Withdrawal is removal of txt.

Question 11

B&S what are the difficulties associated with the application of the group comparison design to applied problems.

Answer 11

The more heterogeneous the group, the less the results apply to one person

Question 12

List and describe the dimensions of behavior analysis outlined by Baer, Wolf, and Risley in 1968.

Answer 12

Applied (clinical)
Behavioral (objective)
Analytic (demonstrates control)
Technological (reproducible)
Conceptually systematic (derived from basic principles)
Effective (clinical significance/works)
Generalizable

Question 13

Problems and solutions associated with changes in measurement that have occurred simultaneously with changes in experimental conditions

Answer 13

Confound, control for them or eliminate them

Question 14

Problems and solutions associated with having different staffing groups in your target area of assessment

Answer 14

Confound, control for or eliminate

Question 15

The difference between internal validity and external validity and how each relates to single-case designs vs. group designs

Answer 15

Internal : change is result of IV, not other

External: Change is generalizable to others

Question 16

Define “carryover effects” and possible reasons for carryover effects.

Answer 16

effect of treatment that extends to subsequent phases. Changes in instructions, establishing new reinforcers, maintenance of new behavior through naturally occurring environmental conditions

Question 17

List and describe three patterns of variability highlighted by repeated measurement.

Answer 17

no trend
increasing
decreasing
variable
unstable

Question 18

What is the difference between a direct replication and a systematic replication? How does one type of replication relate to the other (i.e., how do they work together)?

Answer 18

Direct = same procedure, good for confidence
systematic = change settings, behavior change agents, disorders, or any combination, good for generality

Question 19

Malott (1996)

Answer 19

behavior analysis has too little impact

Question 20

Ahearn (2003)

Answer 20

Use of condiments to treat mild food selectivity (vegetables)

Question 21

Stokes & Baer (1977)

Answer 21

Generalization

Question 22

Wiggins et al (1988)

Answer 22

Teaching students to communicate their preferences via microswitches

Question 23

Zlutnick Mayville and Moffat (1975)

Answer 23

Interruption and differential reinforcement on seizures

Question 24

Tiger & Hanley (2006)

Answer 24

Reinforcer pairing and fading (chocolate milk)

Question 25

Newsome & Simon (1977)

Answer 25

simultaneous discrimination for measurement of vision in nonverbal children