Unit 1

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleicacid

Question 2

nucleotide

Answer 2

repeating units along the DNA strand. Each consisting of a phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose) and a base.

Question 3

A

Answer 3

Adenine complementary base pair to T.

Question 4

T

Answer 4

Thymine complementary base pair to A.

Question 5

C

Answer 5

Cytosine complementary base pair to G.

Question 6

G

Answer 6

Guanine complementary base pair to C.

Question 7

Eukaryotic

Answer 7

Cell containing membrane bond organelles. DNA is stored in linear chromosomes.

Question 8

histone

Answer 8

alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units.

Question 9

prokaryotes

Answer 9

circular pieces of DNA, contain non-essential genes.

Question 10

mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes

Answer 10

small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules.

Question 11

Carbon 3

Answer 11

the 3rd carbon on a deoxyribose sugar. attaches to the phosphate group on the adjacent nucleotide.

Question 12

Carbon 5

Answer 12

the 5th carbon on a deoxyribose sugar. attached to phosphate ion.

Question 13

adjacent nucleotides

Answer 13

nucleotides next to eachother on a DNA ot RNA strand.

Question 14

hydrogen bonds`

Answer 14

weak bonds forming between the complementary bases.

Question 15

anti-parallel

Answer 15

DNA strands run side-by-side but in opposite directions (eg. 3’ to 5’, 5’ to 3’)

Question 16

Replication of DNA

Answer 16

DNA is able to make copies of its self very accurately.

Question 17

DNA polymerase

Answer 17

enzyme used for DNA replication, able to add complementary nucleotide to DNA strand.

Question 18

template strands

Answer 18

orginal strand of DNA, used to ‘copy’ order of bases.

Question 19

primer

Answer 19

short single-stranded molecule of nucleic acid.

Question 20

Free complementary nucleotides

Answer 20

spare nucleotides, -seemingly infinite supply.

Question 21

leading strand (3’-5’)

Answer 21

DNA strand that can be replicated continuously.

Question 22

lagging strand (5’-3’)

Answer 22

replicated in fragments

Question 23

ligase

Answer 23

joins fragments of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.

Question 24

replication fork

Answer 24

point where the helix unwinds. Active area where DNA replication takes place.

Question 25

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 25

used to amplify DNA fragments in vitro.

Question 26

in vitro

Answer 26

a controlled environment outside of a living organism. (literal, in glass).

Question 27

target sequences

Answer 27

area to by amplyfied/replicated.

Question 28

annealing

Answer 28

heat and allow to cool slowly

Question 29

Taq polymerase

Answer 29

heat-tolerant DNA polymerase, required for fluctuating tempersture of PCR.

Question 30

positive control

Answer 30

contains everything needed for the PCR. demonstrates that a product is formed when it should be.

Question 31

negative control

Answer 31

does not include any template DNA. Shows that the DNA amplified is not due to
contamination of the sample.

Question 32

DNA profiling

Answer 32

forensic technique, where DNA is compared and used as evidence.

Question 33

Fibrous Proteins

Answer 33

arrangend in long strains, insouble (eg. keratins, collegens)

Question 34

Globular Proteins

Answer 34

Folded into a knot-like shape, essential for many functions.

Question 35

Transciption

Answer 35

RNA polymerase moves along DNA, unwinds the helix and breaks hydrogen bonds.
free RNA nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the DNA strand.
RNA polymerase forms covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides.
Hydrogen bonds break releasing the primary transcript.

Question 36

Primary Transcript

Answer 36

original mRNA strand