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Biology > Unit 1 AOS 1 – How do cells function? Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 AOS 1 – How do cells function? Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

living thing

A

anything that can move, respire, sense, grow, reproduce, maintain equilibrium, excrete waste, and take up nutrients

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

 the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment

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3
Q

organism

A

a living thing made up of one or more cells

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4
Q

cell theory

A

the idea that all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest functional unit of living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

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5
Q

prokaryotes 

A

 a group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic

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6
Q

eukaryotes 

A

 a group of single and multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and linear strands of DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic

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7
Q

plasma membrane 

A

 the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins which separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment.

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8
Q

cytosol 

A

 the aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell

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9
Q

ribosomes 

A

small RNA-protein structures that are the site of protein synthesis. They either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the RER

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10
Q

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) 

A

a double-stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the instructions for proteins which are required for cell and organism survival

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11
Q

membrane-bound organelle

A

structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

chromosome 

A

 the structure made of protein and nucleic acids that carries genetic information

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13
Q

nucleus

A

 a double membrane-bound organelle that protects and confines the genetic information (DNA) of a cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production

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14
Q

plasmid

A

 a small, circular loop of DNA that is separate from a chromosome, typically found in bacteria

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15
Q

somatic cell

A

 any cell that is not a reproductive cell (such as sperm and egg cells). Somatic cells are diploid (2n), meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes – one inherited from each parent

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16
Q

mitosis

A

the cell division phase which involves the complete separation of sister chromatids and nuclei

17
Q

germline cells

A

 cells that are involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

18
Q

gametes

A

 reproductive cells that arise from germline cells that contain half the genetic material (n) of a somatic cell. In humans, gametes are sperm and eggs

19
Q

meiosis

A

 a specialised form of cell division used to produce gametes in sexually-reproducing organisms

20
Q

binary fission

A

the method of cell replication used by prokaryotes

21
Q

organelle

A

 a cellular structure that performs specific functions

22
Q

cytoplasm

A

the cytosol and organelles inside the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus

23
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

 a type of nucleic acid that is a key structural component of ribosomes

24
Q

lumen

A

 the space within a cavity which can act as a passage-way

25
Q

mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) 

A

the primary site of energy production from aerobic cellular respiration

26
Q

matrix

A

 the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

27
Q

cellular respiration

A

 the biochemical process in all living things that converts glucose into ATP. Can be aerobic or anaerobic respiration

28
Q

crista (pl. cristae)

A

 the fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

29
Q

aerobic

A

requiring oxygen

30
Q

anaerobic

A

 requiring no oxygen

31
Q

chloroplast

A

a double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes

32
Q

granum (pl. grana)

A

a stack of thylakoids

33
Q

thylakoid

A

 a flattened sac-like structure inside the chloroplast. Thylakoids stacked upon one another make up a granum

34
Q

stroma

A

 the fluid substance that makes up the interior of chloroplasts

35
Q

photosynthesis 

A

 the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen

36
Q

chlorophyll 

A

 a green pigment found in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. It is responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis

37
Q

endosymbiosis

A

 when one organism lives inside another in a mutually beneficial relationship

38
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

 a theory suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living organisms before being engulfed by a larger cell

Biology (6 decks)

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