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Biology > Unit 1 AOS 1 – How do cells function? Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Unit 1 AOS 1 – How do cells function? Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

plasma membrane 

A

the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins which separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment.

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2
Q

intracellular

A

inside a cell

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3
Q

extracellular 

A

outside a cell

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4
Q

selective permeability

A

a property of cell membranes that ensures only specific substances pass across them. Also known as semipermeable

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5
Q

phospholipid 

A

 the main molecule of which membranes are composed. They have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

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6
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

 a double layer of amphiphilic molecules that forms the primary component of cell membranes

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7
Q

phosphate head 

A

the hydrophilic subunit of a phospholipid

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8
Q

fatty acid tail 

A

he hydrophobic lipid subunit of a phospholipid

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9
Q

hydrophilic 

A

 having a tendency to be attracted to and dissolve in water

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10
Q

polar

A

describes a molecule with both a positive end and negative end. These tend to be hydrophilic

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11
Q

hydrophobic

A

having a tendency to repel and be insoluble in water

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12
Q

nonpolar

A

 describes a molecule without a clearly positive or negative end. These tend to be hydrophobic

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13
Q

amphipathic

A

describes molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. Also known as amphiphilic

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14
Q

protein

A

a class of biomacromolecule made of amino acid monomers folded into a 3D shape, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur

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15
Q

carbohydrate

A

 a class of biomacromolecule made from monosaccharide monomers consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Also known as saccharides or sugars

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16
Q

cholesterol

A

 a steroid-alcohol that regulates fluidity in plasma membranes

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17
Q

integral protein 

A

a protein that is permanently secured to the plasma membrane

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18
Q

transmembrane protein 

A

an integral protein that spans the entire plasma membrane

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19
Q

peripheral protein

A

a protein that is temporarily attached to the plasma membrane

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20
Q

cytoskeleton 

A

 the microscopic web of protein filaments in the cytoplasm. It provides structure and support, and transports products around the cell

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21
Q

glycolipid

A

a phospholipid bound to a carbohydrate

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22
Q

glycoprotein

A

 a protein bound to a carbohydrate

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23
Q

fluid mosaic model 

A

 the theory of how the plasma membrane is structured

24
Q

saturated 

A

a fatty acid chain with only single bonds between carbon atoms

25
Q

unsaturated

A

a fatty acid chain with at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms

26
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane and down the concentration gradient, without an input of energy

27
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane that requires energy

28
Q

diffusion

A

the passive movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (down the concentration gradient)

29
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in solute concentration between two adjacent areas

30
Q

kinetic energy 

A

the energy a particle or body possesses due to motion

31
Q

solute 

A

a substance dissolved in the solvent

32
Q

solvent

A

a liquid in which a solute is dissolved, forming a solution

33
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

 a type of passive transport where molecules move through a phospholipid bilayer with the aid of a membrane protein

34
Q

protein channel

A

 a transmembrane protein pore in a phospholipid bilayer that selectively enables transport of large or polar molecules

35
Q

carrier protein 

A

a membrane protein that undergoes conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane

36
Q

conformational change

A

 a change in the three-dimensional shape of macromolecules such as proteins

37
Q

osmosis 

A

the passive transport of a solvent (typically water) through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute (high solvent) to a region of high solute (low solvent)

38
Q

tonicity

A

a measure of the relative concentration of solutes on either side of a semipermeable membrane, described as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic

39
Q

hypertonic

A

describes a solution with a higher solute concentration when compared to another solution

40
Q

isotonic

A

 describes a solution with the same solute concentration as another solution

41
Q

hypotonic

A

describes a solution with a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution

42
Q

turgid 

A

describes plant cells that are swollen and firm from water uptake

43
Q

plasmolysed

A

 describes plant cells with weak and sagging plasma membranes from water loss

44
Q

lyse 

A

to cause a cell plasma membrane to burst or break

45
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane that requires energy

46
Q

protein-mediated active transport

A

a type of active transport which involves using membrane proteins to move molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient. Also known as active transport

47
Q

bulk transport

A

 a type of active transport that uses vesicles to move large molecules or groups of molecules into or out of the cell. Also known as cytosis

48
Q

protein pump

A

a polypeptide that transports molecules across a membrane against its concentration gradient with the aid of ATP

49
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 

A

a high energy molecule that, when broken down, provides energy for cellular processes

50
Q

carrier protein 

A

a membrane-based protein that undergoes conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane

51
Q

conformational change

A

a change in the three-dimensional shape of macromolecules such as proteins

52
Q

vesicle 

A

a small membrane-bound sac that transports or stores substances within a cell

53
Q

exocytosis

A

 a type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of the cell

54
Q

endocytosis 

A

 a type of bulk transport that moves large substances into the cell

55
Q

secretory products 

A

the substances inside a vesicle that are being transported out of the cell

56
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of solid material or food particles

57
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of liquid or dissolved substances

Biology (6 decks)

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