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Biology Nat5 > Unit 1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is found in plant, animal and fungal cells. The nucleus controls all cell activities (such as cell division) and contains genetic information.

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2
Q

What is in bacterial cells instead of a nucleus?

A

A loop of genetic material and some have extra circular plasmids.

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3
Q

Where do chemical reactions take place?

A

In the cytoplasm of each cell

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4
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

The cell membrane controls what substances can enter and exit a cell.

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5
Q

What cells get their energy from aerobic respiration and where in the cells does it take place?

A

All cells except bacterial cells and aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria.

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6
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

In the ribosomes which are located in the cytoplasm.

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7
Q

What types of cells contain cell walls?

A

Plant, Fungal and Bacterial cells have a cell wall. Cell walls are made of cellulose.

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8
Q

Where do plants cells get their food from?

A

Plant cells can make their own food through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs at the chloroplasts when light energy from the sun gets trapped in the pigment called chlorophyll.

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9
Q

What is the vacuole and which cells have them?

A

The vacuole is a fluid filled sac which contains water, sugar and salts. The VACUOLE is found in plant and fungal cells.

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10
Q

All about the CELL WALL:

A

The cell wall:
Is found in plant, fungal and bacterial cells

Provides support and shape to the cells

The cell walls are made of cellulose

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11
Q

All about the MITOCHONDRIA:

A

The mitochondria:

Is found in plant animal and fungal cells

Is the site of aerobic respiration

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12
Q

All about the CHLOROPLASTS:

A

The chloroplasts:

Are found in some plant cells

Contain chlorophyll

Are the site of photosynthesis

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13
Q

All about the CELL MEMBRANE:

A

The cell membrane is:

Found in all cells

What controls the movement of substances in and out of cells

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14
Q

All about the CYTOPLASM:

A

The cytoplasm is:

Found in all cells

The site where all chemical reactions take place

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15
Q

All about the VACUOLE:

A

The vacuole is:

Found in pant and fungal cells

Filled with cell sap

A fluid filled sac containing water, sugar and salts

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16
Q

All about the NUCLEUS:

A

The nucleus is:

Found in plant, animal and fungal cells

What controls all cell activities and contains genetic information

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17
Q

All about the RIBOSOMES:

A

The ribosomes:
Are found in all cells
Are the the site of protein synthesis
Found in the ribosomes

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18
Q

All about the PLASMIDS:

A

The plasmids:
Are found in bacterial cells
Are small circular DNA strand
Can replicate independently of the chromosomes

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19
Q

What is found in plant cells?

A

The cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplast, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria and vacuole

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20
Q

What is found in animal cells?

A

The nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane and cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is found in the fungal cell?

A

The cell wall, ribosomes, cell membrane, vacuole, mitochondria, nucleus, cytoplasm and bud scars

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22
Q

What is found in the bacterial cell?

A

DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall and plasmids

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23
Q

What type of stain would you is for plant cells?

A

Iodine solution

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24
Q

What type of stain would you use for animal cells?

A

Methylene blue

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25
Q

How many micrometers is 1mm equal to?

A

1000 micrometers is equal to 1mm

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26
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Try to draw diagram

A

Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipids and proteins
(Phospholipids have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads)

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27
Q

Give examples of substances that can pass through the membrane.

A

Water, oxygen and carbon dioxide

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28
Q

Give examples of substances that cannot pass through the membrane

A

Very large molecules such as proteins

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29
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

Passive transport is when a substance moves down a concentration gradient. Passive transport does not require energy.

30
Q

What is Diffusion and why is it important?

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient, from a higher to a lower concentration. Diffusion is an example of passive transport.

Diffusion is important to cells because they gain these materials for respiration and remove harmful waste products.

31
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement for f water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis is also an example of passive transport.

When a plant cell looses water by osmosis it becomes plasmolysed and when it gains water it is called turgid.

32
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport requires energy for membrane proteins to move molecules and ions against the concentration gradient.

33
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

The sodium-potassium pump,
Sodium and potassium move in and out of a nerve cell by active transport. Sodium/Potassium pumps are located in the nerve cells. Nerve cells must maintain a higher concentration of Sodium (Na+) outside the cell and Potassium (K+) inside the cell. Special transport proteins in the membrane pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. This uses energy.

34
Q

What factors can effect the rate if active transport:

A

Oxygen concentration
Glucose concentration
Temperature w

35
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Control the cell activities

36
Q

Chromosome

A

Contains the genetic information
23 pairs in humans

37
Q

Gene

A

Carries the code to make one protein
Have different forms called alleles

38
Q

DNA

A

Contains coded information

39
Q

What does the base cytosine pair with?

A

The base guanine

40
Q

What does the base Adenine pair with?

A

The base thymine

41
Q

DNA is …

A

A double stranded helix held by complementary base pairs and carries the genetic information for making proteins.

42
Q

What does the base sequence in the DNA determine?

A

The amino acid sequence in the protein

43
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which codes for protein

44
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

A chain of amino acids

45
Q

What does the sequence of amino acids determine?

A

The proteins shape and therefore function

46
Q

What is Messenger RNA?

A

A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids

47
Q

Give examples of proteins

A

Haemoglobin- allows red blood cells to carry oxygen
Antibodies- produced by white blood cells and protect body from harmful microbes
Hormones- chemical messengers
Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions

48
Q

What is the substrate?

A

The substance the enzyme acts on.

49
Q

What is the product?

A

The substance produced by the enzyme controlled reaction.

50
Q

What is the enzyme?

A

The biological catalyst that speeds up the reaction.

51
Q

Explain the specificity of enzymes

A

The shape of the active site of an enzyme molecule is complementary to its specific substrate

52
Q

When is an enzyme most active?

A

When the enzyme has its optimum conditions

53
Q

Give two examples of degradation enzymes

A

Hydrogen peroxide ~> water + oxygen

Protein ~> peptides

54
Q

Give an example of a synthesis enzyme

A

Glucose-1-phosphate ~> starch

55
Q

What are human enzymes optimum temperature?

A

37 degrees Celsius

56
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Genetic information can be transferred from one cell to another by genetic engineering.

57
Q

What are the stages of genetic engineering?

A

Identify the section of chromosome (gene) needed

Cut out the gene

Identify and cut open the plasmid

Join the plasmid and gene together (using enzymes)

Put in bacteria

58
Q

What is the respiration equation?

A

Glucose + oxygen ~> energy + water + carbon dioxide

59
Q

What is respiration?

A

The chemical energy stored in glucose must be released by all cells through a series of enzyme controlled reactions called respiration.

60
Q

Draw the respiration diagram

A

Go to page 23 in your booklet and follow the diagram at the bottom of the page

61
Q

What is stage one in aerobic respiration called?

A

Glycolysis

62
Q

Explain Glycolysis

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

Glucose
|-> 2ATP
\/
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

63
Q

Explain stage two of aerobic respiration

A

Stage two occurs in the mitochondria and require oxygen

Glucose + oxygen
|—> a large number of ATP
\/
Water + Carbon dioxide

64
Q

What is the correlation between the number of mitochondria present in a cell and the energy required of the cell?

A

The higher the energy requirement of a cell the greater the number and f mitochondria present in that cell. This is because the mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration and the most ATP production.

65
Q

Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of plant cells, write the equation for fermentation in plant cells

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy (2ATP)

Glucose
|
\/
Pyruvic acid
|
\/
Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

66
Q

Fermentation takes place in the cytoplasm of animal cells, write the equation for this

A

Glucose—> lactate + energy (2ATP)

Glucose
|
\/
Pyruvic acid
|
\/
Lactic acid

67
Q

Write the equation go aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide+ water+ energy (38 ATP)

68
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Where does fermentation occur?

A

Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria.

Fermentation takes place in the cytoplasm.

69
Q

What can you side to measure oxygen uptake?

A

A respirometer

70
Q

How can you measure carbon dioxide production?

A

A CO2 probe

71
Q

What factors will effect the rate of respiration?

A

Concentration of glucose
Concentration of oxygen
Temperature

Biology Nat5 (8 decks)

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