UNIT 1: CH 14 - 15

Question 1

What is the particulate hypothesis? What accounts for the passing of traits from parents to offspring?

Answer 1

Genes are heritable units that are passed on from parent to offspring.
Heritable factors

Question 2

Who is the one who is accounted for this mechanism with garden peas?

Answer 2

Mendel documented the particulate mechanism with experiments using garden peas.

Question 3

Heritable factors work in pairs. What are they?

Answer 3

Maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes.

When gametes form, those genes segregate and only one homologous pair is in a particular gene.

Question 4

What occurs in the process of fertilization?

Answer 4

the union of gametes (sperm and egg cell)

Question 5

What is the name of the fertilized egg?

Answer 5

Zygote, contains one set of chromosomes from each parent

Question 6

What are sex chromosomes labeled/called?

Which are female and which are male?

Answer 6

X and Y chromosomes. 
Human female = homologous x (XX)
Human males (XY)

Question 7

Without the chromosome deciding sex, what are the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

Answer 7

Autosomes

Question 8

how many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

Answer 8

2 sets of 23, so 46

1 set from mom, one set from dad

Question 9

how many sets of chromosomes do diploid cells (2n) have?

Answer 9

2 sets, humans is 2n=46

Question 10

what happens in meiosis 1?

Answer 10

homologs pair up and separate. producing two haploid cells (n)

Question 11

what occurs in meiosis 2?

Answer 11

sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells that are genetically distinct gametes.

Question 12

What are heritable features that vary among individuals? Give some examples.

Answer 12

Characters are heritable features that vary among individuals.
Color, hair type, height

Question 13

What are the names of the variants for a character? Give an example.

Answer 13

Traits are variants for a character.

Blonde, Brunnette, Black, Curly, Straight hair, etc.

Question 14

What does it mean for a plant to be true-breeding?

Answer 14

True breeding is when the plant produces offspring with the same traits

Question 15

What does it mean for a plant to self-fertilize?

Answer 15

Self fertilization is when sperm cells fertilize the egg from the same flower. The offspring inherits all of the traits from one parent and produces an identical offspring.

Question 16

Explain the process of hybridization

Answer 16

When you mate two contrasting, true-breeding varieties.

Question 17

What are true breeding parents names?

Answer 17

P generation

Question 18

What is the name of the hybrid offspring generation of the P generation?

Answer 18

F1 Generation

Question 19

When F1 individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids, what are their offspring’s generation called?

Answer 19

F2 Generation

Question 20

What are the names of alternative versions of a gene?

Answer 20

Alleles - they are variations in a gene’s DNA nucleotide sequence

Question 21

Mendels model explains..

Answer 21

1) alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
2) for each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
3) if two alleles at locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the organisms appearance, the other has no noticeable effect
4) law of segregation, two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Question 22

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

Answer 22

Homozygous is an organism with two identical alleles

Heterozygous is an organism that has two different alleles(not true-breeding)

Question 23

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Answer 23

Phenotype is an organism’s physical appearance

Genotype is their genetic makeup

Question 24

What is done in a testcross when determining genotypes?

Answer 24

Breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual. If the children display recessive phenotype, the parents must be heterozygous

Question 25

What happens to the chromosome during synapsis?

Answer 25

the homologous chromosomes loosely pair up

occurs in prophase I

Question 26

What occurs during crossing over?

Answer 26

Nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments. Locations where crossing over occurred is called Chiasmata
occurs in prophase I

Question 27

Division of meiosis II occurs in 4 phases, what are those phases?

Answer 27

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis

Question 28

What occurs in Prophase I?

Answer 28

Synapsis and crossing over.

Homologous chromosomes align. Non sister chromatids exchange, accounts for genetic recombination.

Question 29

Describe what happens in Metaphase I.

Answer 29

Paired homologous chromosomes undergo independent assortment.

Question 30

What happens during Anaphase 1?

Answer 30

As homologous chromosomes separate, the 2 alleles of a given gene go to a different gamete. Each gamete gets 1 allele.
(Mendels law of segregation)

Question 31

Define complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.

Answer 31

C.D-
I.D-
Co.D-

Question 32

What is a pedigree analysis?

Answer 32

a family tree that describes the interrelationship of parents and children across generations.

Question 33

Chromosomes

Answer 33

bundles of dna + proteins

Question 34

gene

Answer 34

dna sequence

Question 35

alleles

Answer 35

different types of genes

Question 36

somatic cells

Answer 36

any non-reproductive cell in your body. They contain homologous chromosomes with 46 pairs of chromosomes

Question 37

law if segregation

Answer 37

anaphase, two alleles separate from one another during gamete formation (meiosis)