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Year 11 Human Bio > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell that seperates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid.

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2
Q

Vesicle

A

Membrane bound sac that transports materials into, and out of the cell.

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3
Q

Golgi Body

A

Modify and package proteins in vesicles

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Release energy for the cell through respiration

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, mainly DNA

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

Composed mainly of RNA. Found inside nucleus

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Thick fluid withing cell membrane. All organelles suspended in it

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8
Q

Centrioles

A

Involved in reproduction of the cell.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Create proteins

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10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Connects cell membrane and nuclear membrane. Channels used for transport of materials.

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11
Q

Smooth ER

A

Has no ribosomes attached

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12
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes attached

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13
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes to break down materials taken into the cell.

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Give cell its shape and assists movement.

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15
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A

Physical barrier
Passage of materials
Sensitive to changes
Supports the cell

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16
Q

Simple diffusion

A
  1. The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  2. No energy (passive)
  3. Down concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
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17
Q

Active transport

A
  1. Movement of molecules from area of low concentration to area of high concentration
  2. Requires energy in form of ATP
  3. Against concentration gradient
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18
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Movement of water molecules across a SEMI-PERMEABLE membrane
  • From area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration
  • Until solute is equal on both sides
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19
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane with aid of carrier proteins.

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20
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covering or lining tissue. Made up of epitehlium. (Closely packed cells arranged in layers)
Lines surfaces of organs.

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21
Q

Connective tissue

A

Provides support for body and helps to hold all body parts together.
Made of non cellular matrix
Bone, cartillage, tendons, ligaments.

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22
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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23
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Makes up muscles that are attached to the bones.

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24
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Non striated, found in walls of stomach, blood vessels, uterus

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25
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Makes up most of the heart.

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26
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Made up of specialised nerve cells called neurons
  • Carry messages around the body
  • Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves
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27
Q

Catabolism

A

Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

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28
Q

Anabolism

A

Small molecules are built up into larger ones.

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29
Q

Factors affecting enzyme activity

A
  1. Concentration of enzyme
  2. Concentration of substrate.
  3. Products of reaction must be completely removed
  4. Temperature
  5. pH
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30
Q

Cofactors

A

Assist enzymes in speeding up chemical reactions. Arent made of protein.

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31
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 +6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6H20 + ATP and Heat

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32
Q

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic:
- Occurs in presence of oxygen
- Produces 36 ATP
- Occurs in Mitochondria
- Waste includes CO2 and H2O
- Name of process: Krebs cycle

Anaerobic:
- No oxygen
- Produces 2 ATP
- Occurs in Cytosol
- Waste includes Lactic acid
- Name of process: Glycolysis

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33
Q

Transport of Oxygen

A
  • Diffuses from area of high concentration to low in alveoli
  • Moves from alveoli to blood capillaries
  • 3% dissolved in plasma
  • 97% combines with haemoglobin (oxyhaemoglobin)
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34
Q

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

A
  • Diffuses from area of low concentration to high
  • Moved from blood capillaries to alveoli
  • 8% dissolved in plasma
  • 22% as carbaminohaemoglobin
  • 70% as bicarbonate ions
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35
Q

Structure of Blood

A
  • Composed of plasma making up approximately 55%
  • Formed elements (RBC or Erythocytes, WBC or Leucocutes and platelets or Thrombocytes.)
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36
Q

Blood clotting

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug
  3. Coagulation
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37
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Muscles in small walls of arteries constrict immediately to reduce blood flow.

38
Q

Platelet plug

A

Temporary clump of platelets that forms at the site of a blood vessel injury to help stop bleeding.

39
Q

Coagulation

A

Needed for more serious injuries. Fibrin strands weave through the platelet plug, creating a mesh that solidifies and strengthens the clot.

40
Q

The heart

A

The pump that pushes blood around the body. Located between the two lungs.

41
Q

Difference between arteries and veins

A

Arteries:
1. Carry blood away from the heart
2. Have blood pressure that increases as ventricles contract
3. Thick muscular elastic walls
4. No valves

Veins:
1. Carry blood towards the heart
2. Constant low blood pressure
3. Thin relatively inelastic walls with little muscle
4. Often have valves.

42
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Major vein that brings blood to the heart from the head

43
Q

Right atrium

A

Receiving chamber for deoxygenated blood

44
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Major vein that brings blood to the heart from the lower body and legs

45
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to lungs

46
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery that takes blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

47
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Brings oxygenated blood to the heart from lungs

48
Q

Left atrium

A

Receiving chamber for blood from the lungs

49
Q

Left ventricle

A

Has a thick muscular wall for pumping blood into the aorta and out the body.

50
Q

Septum

A

Heart muscle that separated left and right side of the heart.

51
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles

52
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to the atria.

53
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Divides 2 pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to each lung.

54
Q

ABO blood groups

A
  1. Type A
  2. Type B
  3. Type AB
  4. Type O
    Bases on presence or absence of antigens A and B
55
Q

Rh Blood groups

A
  1. Rh positive
  2. Rh negative
    Based on presence or absence of Rh factor
56
Q

Combined ABO and Rh

A
  1. A+ (Antigens A and D present (RH) )
  2. O- (No A or B or D antigens present)
57
Q

Blood group A

A

Antigens: A
Antibodies: Anti-B
Donate to blood group: A, AB
Receive from blood group: A, O

58
Q

Blood group B

A

Antigens: B
Antibodies: Anti-A
Donate to blood group: B AB
Receive from blood group: B, O

59
Q

Blood group AB

A

Antigens: A and B
Antibodies: Neither Anti-A or B
Donate to blood group: AB
Receive from blood group: A, B, AB, O

60
Q

Blood group O

A

Antigens: Neither A or B
Antibodies: Both anti- A and B
Donate to blood group: A, B, AB, O
Receive from blood group: O

61
Q

What happens when mixing incompatible blood types.

A

They agglutinate.

62
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

To collect some of the fluid that escapes from the capillaries and return it to the circulatory system.

63
Q

Structure of the lymphatic system

A
  • Network of lymph capillaries joined to larger lymph vessels.
  • Lymph nodes
64
Q

Parts of lymphatic system

A
  • Tonsil
  • Thymus
  • Bone marrow
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
65
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Split into monosaccharides

66
Q

Peristalsis

A

Contraction of successive bands of circular muscle causes constriction to move in a wave.

67
Q

Pancreatic juice

A
  • Pancreatic amylase: Breaks down starch into dissacharide
  • Trypsin: Splits proteins into peptides
  • Pancreatic lipase: Enzymes that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
  • Ribonuclease: Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA
68
Q

Bile

A

Secreted into small intestine through common bile duct and emulsifies fats, breaking it down into tiny droplets.

69
Q

Intestinal juice

A
  • Peptidase: Break down peptides into amino acids
  • Sucrase, lactase and maltase: Sucrose, lactose and maltose into monosaccharides
  • Lipases to break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
70
Q

How is structure of villi suited to its function

A
  • Microvilli increase surface area for more nutrient absorption
  • Thin epithelial layer
  • Rich blood supply because of dense network of capillairies
  • Presence of lacteals
71
Q

Constipation

A

Occurs if the movements of the large intestine are reduced, and contents remain there for a long time. Faeces become harder and drier than usual.

72
Q

Diarrhoea

A

Characterisation by frequent defecation of watery faeces Caused by irritation of small or large intestine, which increases peristalsis. Caused by bacteria, virus, parasite, e.g.

73
Q

Coeliac disease

A

People with this are unable to tolerate a protein called gluten.

74
Q

Excretory system

A

Lungs, liver, sweat glands, kidneys

75
Q

Deamination

A

The removal of an amino group from an amino acid molecule. Typically occurs in the liver.

Amino acid + oxygen (—>enzymes) carbohydrate + ammonia

76
Q

Ammonia is converted to

A

Urea, because too much ammonia in blood is toxic to humans.

energy + carbon dioxide + ammonia –> urea + water

77
Q

Structure of nephron

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Renal tubule
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting duct
78
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

The smallest arterial vessel that supplies blood to the glomerulus which is the intial filtering component of the nephron.

79
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

The small arterial vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus. (Skinnier)

80
Q

Functions of the nephron

A

Filtration: Filters blood to form a filtrate of water, ions, and small molecules.

Reabsorption: Reabsorbs essential substances like water, glucose, and ions back into the bloodstream.

81
Q

Production of urine

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
82
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Takes place in renal corcupsule when fluid is forced out of the blood and is collected by the glomerular capsule.

83
Q

Selective Reabsorption

A

Many components of the plasma are filtered from capillaries of glomerulus. (Water, glucose, amino acids and certain ions)

84
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Final process in formation of urine. Adds materials to the filtrate from blood. May include potassium and hydrogen ions as well as creatinine and drugs.

85
Q

Composition of urine

A
  • Water
  • Sodium chloride and other ions
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
86
Q

Kidney stones

A

Formed from solid crystals that build up inside kidneys. Formed when urine becomes too concentrated.

87
Q

Kidney failure

A

Reduces ability of kidney to filter blood.

88
Q

Dialysis

A

A method of removing wastes from blood when kidney failure occurs.
1. Peritoneal dialysis: Inside body
2. Haemodialysis: Artificial with dialysis machine

89
Q

Optimal enzyme temperature

A

30 to 40 degrees Celsius

90
Q

Parts of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Illeum

Year 11 Human Bio (12 decks)

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