unit 1 - full review

Question 1

case study (definition)

Answer 1

examines an individual or group in depth

Question 2

pros and cons of a case study

Answer 2

pros: in depth study, allows us to study things otherwise impossible to study

cons: single subject may not be representative, only describes behavior, cannot tell us cause & effect

famous ex: genie

Question 3

naturalistic observation (definition)

Answer 3

watch subjects in their natural environment
- does not manipulate factors

Question 4

pros and cons of naturalistic observation

Answer 4

pros: results have real world significance

cons: only describe behavior, cannot tell us why

Question 5

pros and cons of survey method

Answer 5

pros: can measure attitudes, motives, and opinions & can get a lot of data easily

cons: wording of the questions can drastically affect results, relies on honesty and reflection of participants, small rate of return- not representative, only describes behavior cannot tell us why

Question 6

false consensus effect

Answer 6

we believe others share our beliefs

Question 7

random sampling

Answer 7

to generalize the results
- fairly represents the population b/c all the entire group has equal chance of participating
- usually the larger the better

Question 8

correlational method (definition)

Answer 8

correlation expresses a relationship between 2 variables

Question 9

pros and cons of a correlational method

Answer 9

pros: useful for predicting behavior, provides quantitative data about the strength of a relationship

cons: can only describe behavior, doesn’t say why, can PREDICT based off correlation but cannot PROVE

CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION

Question 10

pros and cons of an experimental method

Answer 10

pros: can be used to determine cause and effect

cons: may lack real world significance, ethical issues limit possibilities

Question 11

experimental method

Answer 11

investigator manipulates one or more of the factors

Question 12

psychology

Answer 12

the science of behavior and mental processes

Question 13

structuralism (history and approaches)

Answer 13

• first
• used introspection to break down the mind
• wilber wundt & edward titchener: gave ppl journals and told them to document how they felt when experiencing a specific emotion
• not reliable

Question 14

functionalism (history and approaches)

Answer 14

• second
• instead of trying to figure out what’s happening in the body, how they’re FUNCTIONING with this emotion
• focused on why (the purpose) of our behaviors

William James

Question 15

psychoanalysis (history and approaches)

Answer 15

• thrid

-unconscious mind dictates behavior now (mind had levels)

id, ego, superego

Question 16

behaviorism (history and approaches)

Answer 16

• fourth

focuses on observable behaviors (conditioned responses)

pavlov, watson, skinner

Question 17

cognitive (contemporary)

Answer 17

how people percieve, learn, remember, and think

Question 18

psychodynamic (contemporary)

Answer 18

students of freud who still say that early childhood impacts the unconscious but separate themselves from freud

Question 19

humanism (contemporary)

Answer 19

nurturing personal growth

Question 20

correlational study

Answer 20

describes relationship b/w 2 variables

looking for a linear relationship b/w 2 variables

Question 21

positive correlation vs. negative correlation

Answer 21

positive correlation: direct relationship b/w variables (both decrease or both increase)

negative correlation: inverse relationship (one decreases while one increases or vice versa)

Question 22

correlation coefficient

Answer 22

0 = no correlation b/w variables

farther from 0 = stronger the correlation

neg or pos sign shows whether correlation is pos. or neg.

Question 23

double blind experiment

Answer 23

neither the subjects nor the scientist know who is in the control or experimental group

prevents confirmation bias

Question 24

single blind experiment

Answer 24

subjects dont know if they are in experimental or control group

not be able to control for placebo effect

Question 25

placebo effect

Answer 25

people’s behavior can change if they believe they are being given treatment

placebo helps control for psychological factors

control group is given a placebo

Question 26

statistically significant p value

Answer 26

p < 0.05

Question 27

mean

Answer 27

total of all observations (scores) divided by the number of observations (scores)

Question 28

median

Answer 28

the middle value when observations (scores) are ordered

Question 29

mode

Answer 29

the value of the most frequent observation (score)

Question 30

positively skewed distribution

Answer 30

skews towards the right (most of the hump is on the left)

high outlier

Question 31

negatively skewed distribution

Answer 31

skews toward left (most of the hump is on the right)

low outlier

Question 32

most representative measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode)

Answer 32

median

mean is sensitive to outliers

Question 33

the normal curve (percentages)

Answer 33

2, 14, 34, 34, 14, 2

Question 34

eclectic psychologist

Answer 34

uses multiple approaches to solve the problem

think of it as customizable basically

Question 35

independent variable

Answer 35

x axis

the factor being manipulated in study

Question 36

dependent variable

Answer 36

y axis

what is being measured, what is being tested during the study