Unit 1- Test

Question 0

Compact Bones?

Answer 0

• Covers the surface

- Dense

Question 1

What are the 4 Body Cavities?

- what they contain/located

Answer 1

1) Cranial: Brain
2) Spinal: Contains the spine
3) Thoratic: Above diaphragm: Contains heart and lungs
4) Abdominal: Below diaphragm: Digestive System

Question 2

Haversian Canals?

Part of which bone?

Answer 2

• holes that contain nerves and blood vessels

COMPACT BONE!

Question 3

Spongy Bones?

Answer 3

• strength without weight

- ends/center of bones

Question 4

Name the 4 functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 4

1) Supports: keeps body upright
2) Protects Organs
3) Attachment Site for muscles: Movement
4) Blood Cell Production

Question 5

What are the 4 Body Tissues?

- DETAILS!!

Answer 5

1) Muscular Tissue:
- Cells that Contract. - Skeletal: Voluntary. - Cardiac/Smooth: Involuntary.
2) Nervous Tissue:
- Cells transmit messages.
3) Epithelial Tissue:
- Protects/Covers the body, organs, and lines cavities.
4) Connective Tissue:
- Supports/Covers/Separates different organs/tissue in the body, such as bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood, and fat.

Question 6

What is Ossification?

Answer 6

Starts as cartilage and is replaced by bone.

Question 7

What is a ligament?

- What type of injury is this.

Answer 7

A ligament is Bone to Bone.

Injury Type= Sprain

Question 8

What is a Tendon?

- What type of injury is this.

Answer 8

A tendon is Muscle to Bone.

Injury Type= Strain

Question 9

What are the 4 moveable joints?

- There is an example with each.

Answer 9

1) Hinge:
- Knee/Elbow
2) Pivot:
- Head/Neck
3) Angular, Gliding, or Saddle:
- Wrist/Ankle
4) Ball and Socket:
- Hip/Shoulder

Question 10

1) What is the Function of the Joints?

2) What are 3 reasons why?

Answer 10

1) Movement and Cushioning.

2) ~Bursae: sacs that reduce friction.
~Synovial Fluid: thick liquid that lubricates/absorbs shock.
~Articular Cartilage: at the ends of bones, slippery, reduces friction.

Question 11

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

• How they are stimulated
• Whether they have striations or not
• Are they Voluntary/Involuntary

Answer 11

1) Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones
- Voluntary: Consciously Controlled
- Striated: Microscopically striped due to organization of thread like protein fiber actin, and myosin.
- Stimulated by nerves to contract.

2) Cardiac Muscles: ONLY in the heart
- Striated
- Self-stimulated by electrical signals of “pacemakers”- bundle of cells in the heart
- Muscle fibers are branched so stimulation of 1 muscle fiber stimulates others

3) Smooth Muscle: Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Blood Vessels
- Involuntary
- No striations: still have actin and myosin but more randomly organized
- Stimulated by nerves
- Slower to contract but holds longer with same energy

Question 12

What are the 5 steps in the SLIDING FILAMENT THEROY?

Answer 12

1) Calcium is released causing myosin to reach for action.
2) Z Lines move closer together.
3) Muscle Contracts.
4) ATP breaks bonds causing relaxation.
5) Lactic Acid is a waste product.

Question 13

What is ALL OR NONE RESPONSE?

Answer 13

Either a fiber contracts or it does not contract.

Question 14

What are the types of Skeletal Muscle contractions?

• Each as an example.
• Know only 2

Answer 14

1) Isometric: Sustained contraction of a muscle.
- Wall Sits and Planks

2) Plyometric: Stretching of a muscle before it contracts to increase the force of contraction.
- Hopping

Question 15

What is Rigor Mortis?

• Cause
• Signs/Symptoms
• Treatment
• Prevention

Answer 15

Cause: Lack of ATP due to death.

Signs/Symptoms: Muscles stay contracted.

Treatment: None.

Prevention: None.

Question 16

What is the difference between Fast and Slow Twitch?

Answer 16

Fast Twitch is when muscles contract and fatigue quickly.
Slow Twitch is when muscles have a slower contraction, so it has longer endurance.

Fast Twitch has less mitochondria so this produces less ATP production.
Slow Twitch has more mitochondria so this produces more oxygen and ATP production.

Question 17

What are the 4 types of surgery and where are they at?

Answer 17

1) Endoscopy: Intestinal Tract (colon).
2) Arthroscopy: Interior of a Joint.
3) Laparoscopy: Interior of Abdominal/Pelvic Cavity.
4) Thorascopy: Chest Cavity.

Question 18

Position/Direction of Cranial, Superior, Rostral.

Answer 18

Higher

Question 19

Position/Direction of Anterior, Ventral.

Answer 19

The Front.

Question 20

Position/Direction of Posterior, Dorsal.

Answer 20

The Back.

Question 21

Position/Direction of Medial.

Answer 21

Middle

Mid-line

Question 22

Position/Direction of Lateral.

Answer 22

Away from mid-line

Side to side

Question 23

Position/Direction of Proximal.

Answer 23

Closest to reference point.

Question 24

Position/Direction of Distal.

Answer 24

Furthest away from the reference point.

Question 25

Position/Direction of Inferior.

Answer 25

Lower.

Question 26

Position/Direction of Superficial.

Answer 26

Skin Deep.

Question 27

Position/Direction of Deep.

Answer 27

Bones, and Muscles.

Covered by Superficial - often

Question 28

The movement for: Extension.

Answer 28

Joint increases its angle.

Question 29

The movement for: Flexion.

Answer 29

Joint decreases it’s angle.

Question 30

The movement for: Adduction.

Answer 30

Adding to mid-line.

*Closer

Question 31

The movement for: Abduction.

Answer 31

Taking away from the mid-line.

Question 32

The movement for: Circumduction.

Answer 32

Joint moves in a circle.

Question 33

The movement for: Rotation.

Answer 33

AXIS JOINT!

Only 1

Question 34

The movement for: Supination.

Answer 34

Move Outside.

Arms = Easy!

Question 35

The movement for: Pronation.

Answer 35

Move Inside.

Question 36

The movement for: Inversion.

Answer 36

Regular Sprain.

Question 37

The movement for: Eversion.

Answer 37

Turning the sole foot outward.