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Health and Social > Unit 1 Theories > Flashcards

Unit 1 Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piagets cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor - 0-2 years
  2. pre-operational - 2-7 years
  3. concrete operations - 7-11 years
  4. formal operations - 11-18
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2
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

infants use senses to physically explore the world

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3
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A

not able to think logically, use pretend play, and symbolic behaviour

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4
Q

what is the concrete operations stage?

A

use practical resources to help understanding, can use logic

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5
Q

what is the formal operations stage?

A

capable of abstract thought and problem solving

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6
Q

what are critisisms of piagets stages of cognitve development?

A
  1. lacks scientific control
  2. used his own children for the study
  3. the subjects were not studies across the entire lifespan
  4. he may have underestimated a child’s capabilities
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7
Q

What does Piaget’s schema theory explain?

A

Explains how children use their experiences to construct their understanding of the world around them

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8
Q

what are the 4 stages of Piagets schemas?

A
  1. assimilation
  2. equilibrium
  3. disequilibrium
  4. accommodation
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9
Q

what is the assimulation stage of schemas?

A

Child constructs an understanding or concept

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10
Q

what is the equilibrium stage of schemas?

A

Experience fits that understanding

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11
Q

what is the disequilibrium stage of schemas?

A

A new experience disturbs the schema

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12
Q

what is the accommodation stage of schemas?

A

Child’s understanding changes to take into a account the new experience

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13
Q

what is piagets conservation theory?

A

Children under the age of 7 can not understand that the two beakers contain the same amount

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14
Q

what experiment did Piaget use to explain conservation?

A

Water experiment -amount remains the same even when container has changed

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15
Q

what is piagets ego centrism theory?

A

Until 7, children only see things from own perspective

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16
Q

what are criticisms of piagets ego centrism theory?

A

With support some children can develop more advanced concepts, some children can see others’ perspectives before the age of 7

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17
Q

what is Chomsky’s LAD theory?

A
  • Children are born with a structure in their brains that enables them to acquire language
  • They have a critical period for developing their first language in the first years if life
  • Have an innate understanding of the structure of language
  • All follow the same pattern
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18
Q

what are critisisms of Chomsky’s LAD theory?

A
  • Lack of evidence
  • Rate a language development is affected by degree of interactions with others
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19
Q

what is a contradicting theory to chomsky’s LAD theory?

A

Bandura - social learning theory

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20
Q

what is Bowlby’s attachment theory?

A
  • Infants are biologically pre-programed to form attachments
  • Infancy is a critical period for forming attachments
  • Early months - form 1 primary attachment
  • Disruption to this attachment has a negative impact on development
21
Q

what does Bowlby say distruption to attachment may cause?

A
  • anxiety
  • difficulty in forming relationships
  • depressive disorders
  • delinquency
22
Q

what are criticisms of Bowlby’s attachment theory?

A
  1. Bowlby conducted the research himself - researcher bias
  2. He knew what groups the children were in
  3. His findings may have been unconsciously influenced by his own expectations
  4. This reduces validity
23
Q

what are the stages for schaffer and emerson’s stages of attachment?

A
  1. 0-3 months
  2. 4-7 months
  3. 7-9 months
  4. 10+ months
24
Q

what is the 0-3 month stage (S&E)

A

Respond to any caregiver

25
Q

what is the 4-7 month stage (S&E)

A

Shows preference for primary caregiver but accepts care from others

26
Q

what is the 7-9 month stage (S&E)

A
  • Prefers primary caregiver and seeks comfort from them
  • Unhappy when separated and shows fear of strangers
27
Q

what is the 10+ months stage (S&E)

A
  • Begins to develop attachments with others who respond to them

-By 18 months most will have formed multiple attachments

28
Q

what ate criticisms of Schaffer and Emerson?

A
  • Low population validity
  • Infants all came from Glasgow
  • Mostly from working class families
  • 60 families - small sample size
29
Q

what did ainsworth study?

A

Studied reactions of children when parted from a parent

30
Q

what is secure attachment?

A
  • Parent is in tune with the child and their emotions
  • Child will show distress when caregiver leaves and greet them upon their return
  • Will seek comfort from caregiver when upset and is happy with strangers if caregiver is present
31
Q

what is insecure avoidant attachment?

A
  • Parent is unavailable to child or rejects them
  • Child will not show distress when primary caregiver leaves and may go to stranger for comfort
32
Q

what is insecure resistant attachment?

A
  • Parent is inconsistent in meeting child’s needs
  • Child will show distress when primary caregiver leaves but resists contact on their return
  • Anxious and insecure
33
Q

what are criticisms of Ainsworth?

A
  • Only studies the attachment to the mother
  • Child may show different attachment behaviours on different occasions
  • Ethical issues - child is placed under stress
34
Q

what did rutter do?

A
  • Argued against Bowlby’s point that separation anxiety caused potential long term stress
  • He felt privation was the problem
  • Privation happens when children have not had opportunity to form attachment early in life
35
Q

what did Harlow do?

A
  • Harlow did a number of studies on attachment on rhesus monkeys during the 1950’s and 1960’s
  • Harlow’s explanation was that attachment develops as a result of the mother providing ‘tactile comfort’, suggesting that infants have an innate need to touch and cling to something for emotional comfort
  • Harlow concluded that privation is permanently damaging
36
Q

what are critisisms of Harlow?

A
  • unethical
  • only focused on one maternal figure
  • other factors can affect attachment between parent and child
37
Q

what is gesells maturation theory?

A
  • Based his theory on his belief that development is genetically determined from birth - children follow the same orderly sequence in their development but the pace may vary
  • Believed development is due more to nature with little nurture
  • Psychologists such as Piaget argue that the child is influenced more by the environment they live in
  • He observed the behaviours of many children from which he determined ‘norms’ and ‘milestones’ - still used today
38
Q

what are critisisms to gesells maturation theory?

A
  • He put too much emphasis on maturation and not enough on environmental factors such as learning
39
Q

what are condtracting theories to gesells maturation theory?

A
  1. Piaget - schemas
  2. Bandura - social learning theory
40
Q

What did Bandura believe?

A
  • Believed learning happens through observing, imitating, and modelling the behaviours of others
  • Bobo doll experiment
41
Q

what are the 4 stages of social learning?

A
  1. Attention - individual pays attention to the behavior and consequences
  2. Retention - how well the behaviour is remembered
  3. Reproduction - the ability to perform the behaviour the model has just demonstrated
  4. Motivation - the will to perform the behaviour
42
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

Behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction or reward

43
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

Behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction or reward

44
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

Behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience

45
Q

what are critisisms of Bandura?

A
  1. It is limiting to describe behaviour solely in terms of either nature or nurture
  2. Attempts to decide between nature and nurture underestimate the complexity of human behaviour
46
Q

what is the stress diathesis model?

A
  • Nature and nurture play a part in psychology
  • nature - born with a predisposition or vulnerability to mental disorders
  • nurture - traumatic experiences in a person’s life
  • Both together lead to psychological disorder
47
Q

What was the Homes and Rahe social adjustment scale?

A
  • Believed there was a link between psychological illness and stressful events
  • They posited 43 life events that individuals may experience
  • Applied a score to each one
  • Patients indicated which life events they and experienced in the last 2 years and added up their scores
  • Higher the score = more likely to become ill due to stress
48
Q

what is the activity theory?

A
  • People need activity and social interactions
  • Individuals can achieve healthy ageing through continued social activity
  • Social and psychological needs of individuals remain the same
  • Individuals adjust to their declining health and mobility and strength
  • People continue to involve themselves in the community
49
Q

what is the social disengagement theory?

A
  • Believes a reduction in social contact is natural in older age
  • Ageing can result in tranquility and be a positive development
  • Family expects less from older people
  • Older people become more dependent on others
  • People focus on their previous life and activities
  • Society withdraws from older people
  • People naturally withdraw from social contact in older age

Health and Social (1 decks)

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