Unit 10 Reproductive PP

Question 1

How is vaginal mucosa protected from infection?

Answer 1

It has a high pH

Question 2

Explain what happens if fertilization occurs or does not occur

Answer 2

After ovulation, the follicle develops into the corpus luteum​

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum enlarges and begins to secrete hormones that maintain and support pregnancy ​

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum secretes these hormones for approximately 14 days and then degenerates, which triggers the maturation of another follicle​

Question 3

What are the menstrual cycle phases?

Answer 3

Menstruation (menses)​

Follicular/proliferative phase​

Luteal/secretory phase​

Ischemic/menstrual phase​

KNOW THIS ORDER: MFLI…then it starts again!

Question 4

Which hormone inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion?

Answer 4

Inhibin

Question 5

What causes menopause?

Answer 5

caused by decreased ovarian function that leads to decreased estrogen and progesterone production—which causes the normal negative feedback system to increase LH and FSH

Question 6

A 45-year-old female is experiencing menopause. Which of the following would be expected to accompany this condition?​

Answer 6

Increased FSH and LH​

Question 7

Delayed or absent puberty is normal in __% of cases

Answer 7

95

Question 8

What is primary amenorrhea?

Answer 8

No menarche, no menstruation by age 13-and no secondary sex characteristic development. If no menarche by 15 –> amenorrhea.

Question 9

What are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 9

thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, excessive stress or weight loss, and polycystic ovary syndrome​

Question 10

PID (what, severity, cause, associated w/)

Answer 10

Pelvic inflammatory disease is an acute inflammatory process caused by infection​.

May involve any organ of the genital tract​ or entire pelvic cavity in severest form​

Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract​

Associated with multiple sexual partners, previous PID, douches, IUD for birth control​

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Question 11

Salpingitis (what, how, causes, manifestations, symptoms, Tx)

Answer 11

Inflammation causes changes in columnar epithelium that lines the UPPER reproductive tract​

Causes localized edema and possible necrosis​

Some causes:​
- Gonorrhea gonococci attach to fallopian tube​

• Chalmydia enters the tubal cells and replicates, causing the cell membrane to burst as the chalmydia reproduces. Causes permanent scaring​

May cause infertility and tubal obstruction, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, and intestinal obstruction ​

Manifestations vary from no pain to sudden severe abdominal pain with fever​

Symptoms often vague—mild to severe pain.​

Rapid empiric treatment to prevent complications​

Question 12

Leiomyomas (what, sensitive to ___, classified as ____(3), causes)

Answer 12

Commonly called myomas or uterine fibroids​

Benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium​

Estrogen- and progesterone-sensitive​

Classified as subserous, submucous, or intramural​

Causes abnormal uterine bleeding, pain, and symptoms related to pressure on nearby structures​

Question 13

Define endometriosis, ID risk and hallmark symptom

Answer 13

endometrial tissue grows outside of uterus. Highly associated with infertility. Hallmark symptom: dyschezia (pain on defecation).

Question 14

What is cervical cancer often associated with?

Answer 14

HPV infection, esp. type 16.

Question 15

First sign of breast cancer?

Answer 15

painless lump

Question 16

breast cancer s/s

Answer 16

painless lump, palpable lymph nodes in axilla, dimpling of skin (orange peel), edema, bone pain​

Question 17

What is the likely prognosis when “orange peel” skin is seen on the surface of the breast and what causes the dimpling?

Answer 17

no bueno. A result of pitting and edema that indicates blockage of lymphatic drainage w or w/out stromal infiltration.

Question 18

Phimosis

Answer 18

Inability to retract foreskin from the glans of the penis (distal to proximal)​

Frequently caused by poor hygiene or chronic infections​

May require circumcision

Question 19

Paraphimosis

Answer 19

Inability to replace or cover the glans with the foreskin (proximal to distal)​

Surgical emergency to prevent necrosis if severe​

Question 20

What is Peyronie disease, how and when does it develop?

Answer 20

Peyronie disease​

“Bent nail syndrome”​

Slow development of fibrous plaques (thickening) in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa, causing a lateral curvature of the penis during erection​

Occurs in middle-aged men and causes painful erections and intercourse

Question 21

What is Priapism and how severe is it?

Answer 21

Condition of prolonged penile erection​

Urologic emergency

Question 22

What is balanitis?

Answer 22

Inflammation of the glans penis​

Usually associated with prepuce inflammation (posthitis)​

Accumulation under the foreskin (smegma) can irritate the glans or lead to infection​

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Question 23

prepuce

Answer 23

foreskin

Question 24

Variocele (what, aka, when, cause, Tx)

Answer 24

Abnormal dilation of the testicular vein and the pampiniform plexus within the scrotum ​

aka “Bag of worms”​

Commonly identified in infertile men​

Usually found on the left side​

Most develop in adolescence​

Cause is poorly understood​

Scrotal support if mild, surgery if more severe

Question 25

Hydrocele (what, why, diagnosed with)

Answer 25

Scrotal swelling caused by collection of fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis​

May be congenital or caused by infection, trauma, or torsion​

Diagnosed with transillumination​

Question 26

urethral stricture

Answer 26

Fibrosis (scarring) that causes narrowing of urethra.

Question 27

urethritis

Answer 27

Urethral inflammation due to STI (sexually transmitted illness)

Question 28

cryptorchidism (what, where, why, Tx, risks, nurse role)

Answer 28

Failure of one or more of the testes to descend completely​

Testes may remain in the abdomen, inguinal canal, or the puboscrotal junction ​

Common congenital anomaly—associated with vasal or epididymal abnormalities ​

Treated with hormonal therapy or surgery​

**Increased risk for testicular cancer during teens/ early twenties! Nurses MUST teach patients with this history about testicular self-exams!

Question 29

torsion of testis (what, s/s, why, Tx)

Answer 29

The testis rotates on its vascular pedicle, interrupting its blood supply ​

Painful and swollen testis​

Condition may be spontaneous or follow physical exertion or trauma​

Surgical emergency

Question 30

What should the nurse include in the teaching of a teenage boy who has a history of cryptorchidism?

Answer 30

D. Perform regular testicular self-exams