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A Chemistry > Unit 11 - Organic Chemistry - Regents > Flashcards

Unit 11 - Organic Chemistry - Regents Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Organic Compounds (3)

A
  1. ALWAYS contain Carbon Atoms
  2. Bonded to each other in chains/rims/networks
  3. Come from living plants/organisms (also from lab)
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2
Q

What is so special about Carbon?

A

Can form the most amount of bonds (4), allowing it to be the best primary element for organic compounds

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3
Q

What are the physical properties of Organic Compounds? (5)

A
  1. MOSTLY NP - some may be polar
  2. Insoluble in water - except for polar compounds
  3. Non - electrolytes - except for organic acids
  4. Lower MP/BP compared to inorganic compounds
  5. bc of nonpolarity, very weak IMF
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4
Q

What are the chemical properties of Organic Compounds? (3)

A
  1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds
  2. React slower than inorganic, need catalysts
  3. This is bc of covalent bonds, must be broken before rxn
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5
Q

Definition of Hydrocarbons

A
  1. Compounds that ONLY contain C & H
  2. Carbons are held together by single/double/triple covalent bonds
  3. “R” SIGNIFIES THE REMAINDER OF A HYDROCARBON CHAIN
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6
Q

Definition of Saturated Hydrocarbons (2)

A
  1. Contain only single C - C bonds
  2. Fully saturated w/ max number of H
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7
Q

Definition of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (2)

A
  1. Contains at least one multiple C - C bonds
  2. NOT fully saturated w/ max number of H
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8
Q

What are the three different groups of hydrocarbons?

A

ALL PART OF THE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkines

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9
Q

Definition of Homologous Series

A
  1. Group of organic compounds w/ related structures & properties
  2. Same functional group but different repeating unit
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10
Q

Definition of Functional Group (2)

A
  1. Specific group of atoms within a molecule
  2. Determines distinctive physical/chemical properties
    Ex: hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and amino (-NH₂)
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11
Q

Definition of Alkanes (3)

A
  1. Type of Hydrocarbon
  2. Saturated & Straight Chained (all SINGLE bonds)
  3. General Formula - CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
    Ex: All end in “ethane” - Methane (CH4), Propane (C3H8)
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12
Q

Definition of Alkenes (3)

A
  1. Type of Hydrocarbon
  2. Unsaturated & at least one C - C DOUBLE bond
  3. General Formula - CₙH₂ₙ
    Ex: All end in ethene - Ethene (C2H4) and Butene (C4H8)
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13
Q

Definition of Alkynes (3)

A
  1. Type of Hydrocarbon
  2. Unsaturated & at least one C - C TRIPLE bond
  3. General Formula - CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
    Ex: All end in ethyne - Ethyne (C2H2) and Butene (C3H4)
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14
Q

What is the defining difference between Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes in the Homologous Series?

A

The type of bonds that hold Carbons together
(Single/Double/Triple)

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15
Q

What is the defining difference between all organic compounds?

A

Functional Groups!

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16
Q

What are all of the organic compounds?

A
  1. Halides
  2. Alcohols
  3. Aldehydes
  4. Ketones
  5. Organic Acids
  6. Ethers
  7. Esters
  8. Amines
  9. Amino Acids
  10. Amides
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17
Q

Definition of Halides

A

DEF: ≥ 1 HALOGEN attached to R
FORMULA: R -F, R - Cl, R - Br, R - I
Ex: Chloromethane (CH3Cl)

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18
Q

Definition of Alcohols (4)

A

DEF: ≥ 1 OH - group attached to R
FORMULA: R - OH
NOT BASES
EX: Methanol (CH3OH)

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19
Q

Definition of Aldehydes

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A

DEF: O double bonded to TERMINAL C (end of chain)
FORMULA: R - CHO
EX: Methanal (HCHO)

20
Q

Definition of Ketones

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A

DEF: O double bonded to NON TERMINAL C (not at end of chain)
FORMULA: R - CO - R
EX: Propanone (CH3COCH3)

21
Q

Definition of Organic Acids

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A

DEF: Terminal C, double bonded O, OH group
AKA CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
FORMULA: R - COOH
EX: Methanoic Acid (HCOOH), Ethanoic Acid (Ch3COOH)

22
Q

Definition of Ethers

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A

DEF: O (singlebonded) within C chains
FORMULA: R - O - R
EX: Diethyl Ether (C2H5OC2H5)

23
Q

Definition of Esters

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A

DEF: O (singlebonded) within C (in R chain) AND O (doublebonded) to the SAME C
FORMULA: R - COO - R

24
Q

Definition of Amines

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A

DEF: ≥ 1 C bonded to ammonia - like compound
FORMULA: R - NH2
EX: Methylamine (CH3NH2)

25
Definition of Amino Acids (2)
1. C attached to Amine Group and Carboxylic Acid 2. C bonded to NH2 & COOH
26
Definition of Amides
DEF: C is doublebonded to O AND singly bonded to amine group (NH2) FORMULA: R - CONH2/R - CONH - R
27
Definition of Isomer
Same Molecular Formula, but Different Structures (and Nomenclature)
28
How can you draw the expanded structural formula of organic compounds based on its structural formula? (8)
1. Carbons WILL ALWAYS be the backbone 2. To check along the way, know how many bonds each element forms 3. H will be at the ends bc it can only form 1 bond 4. C will be in the center 5. If the num of atoms do not complete C's 4 bonds, then place a double/triple bond 6. Identify the type of Organic Compound based on its Functional Group 7. Flip to Table R to identify type of OC & formation of functional groups 8. Bended bonds typically form at the ends of C when 2 C are double bonded together
29
Definition of IUPAC System (6)
Nomenclature system that has set of logical rules 1. Root/Base for longest C chain - Prefix (meth, eth, etc.) indicates number of C 3. Suffix for type of OC/Functional Group Ex: Alcohol = ol, Alkane = ane, Alkyne = yne 4. Names of side chains w/ atoms other than H - Prefix (meth, eth, etc.) indicates num of C - Suffix will always be -yl
30
Rules to Organic Names: Alkanes (5 Rules)
Rule #1 - Name Longest C Chain - Prefix: Num. of C (Meth, eth, etc.) - Suffix: -ane Rule #2 - Name Side Chains - Placed Before Longest Chain in Naming - Prefix: Num. of C (Meth, eth, etc.) - Suffix: yl Rule #3 - Multiple of Same Side Chain - Prefix: 2 = di, 3 = tri, 4 = tetra, etc. Rule #4 - Location of Side Chain - Location = Side Chain is Bonded to Which Carbon? - Use lowest number either from right or left - Name all from the same direction, so you must find which sum from the L/R is lower - Separate 2 different numbers w/ a "," - Separate numbers & letters w/ a "-" Rule #5 - When there's >1 sidechain, name them in alphabetical order
31
Rules to Organic Names: Alkanes (4 Rules)
1. Name Longest Chain WITH THE DOUBLE BOND 2. End w/ "-ene" in hydrocarbon, or place "en" in between prefix & suffix 3. Use the lowest number to give location of the double bond 4. If there is more than one double bond, place "di, tri, etc." in between prefix & suffix Ex: 1,3 - butadiene
32
How do you identify the longest Carbon Chain? (3)
1. Longest chain doesn't have to be linear (in single bonds) 2. They can rotate and twist, the single bond allows them to do that 3. However double bond creates a fixed position, so it normally will just be linear
33
What is the main rule of thumb when naming organic compounds with functional groups?
1. Order: Table P, Table Q, Table R 2. Table P = Identify Number of Carbons in Longest Chain 3. Table Q = Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne (Multiple Bonds???) 4. Table R = Identify & Locate Functional Group then Suffix
34
Why are ethers and esters with words methyl ethyl? (4)
1. They both contain O that divides the C chain 2. Ethers - Contain 1 O connecting 2 C groups - Name each alkyl group (L/R of O) w/ -yl endings. - Finish with "ether" - Example: Ethyl Methyl Ether → Ethyl (-C₂H₅) and Methyl (-CH₃) groups connected by oxygen. 3. Esters - Contain 1 O in a carboxyl functional group (-COO). - Name smaller C chain (attached to single-bonded oxygen) with -yl ending. - Name the longer C chain (attached to C=O) with -oate ending. - Example: Methyl Propanoate → Methyl (-CH₃) group + Propanoate (-C₂H₅COO). 4. You do NOT need to locate the Oxygen bc of that format
35
What are the six different types of organic reactions?
1. Combustion 2. Substitution 3. Addition 4. Polymerization 5. Esterification 6. Saponification 7. Fermentation
36
Definition of Combustion (2)
1. Rxn of Organic Molecule w/ O₂ 2. Produces CO₂ & H₂O, releasing heat and light Ex: Cellular Respiration
37
Definition of Substitution (4)
1. One kind of atom/functional group 2. In a molecule is replaced by another 3. Occurs in saturated (-) hydrocarbons 4. Must remove H to add another element (fully saturated w/ H, only way) Ex: CH4 + Cl2 + energy → CH3Cl + HCl
38
Definition of Fermentation
Enzyme + Organic Compound = Alcohol + CO2 Ex: Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 
38
Definition of Addition
Adding one or more atoms to unsaturated C (=/≡) Ex: Hydrogenation (Addition of H)
39
Definition of Esterification
1. Acid + Alcohol ⇌ Ester + Water 2. R - COOH + R - OH ⇌ Ester + H2O 3. Reversible Rxn & Dehydration Synthesis
40
Definition of Saponification (2)
1. Hydrolysis of Fats by a Base 2. AKA: Bases add HOH & breaks down fats Ex: Ester + Base = Soap
41
Definition of Polymerization
Small molecules combine to form larger ones
42
What is the difference between synthetic and biological polymerization? (3/3)
Synthetic Polymerization 1. Occurs in labs/industries. 2. Uses chemical reactions (e.g., condensation, addition). 3. Used for Plastics/Textiles/Industrial Materials Ex: Biological Polymerization 1. Occurs in living organisms. 2. Enzyme-driven processes (e.g., DNA replication, protein synthesis) 3. Essential for Life Processes Ex: Proteins, DNA, polysaccharides
43
Definition of Addition Polymerization (2)
1. Occurs in Synthetic Polymerization 2. Opening up of =/≡ bonds (unsat hydrocarbons) Ex: Vinyl Plastics - Polyethylene, Polystyrene
44
Definition of Condensation Polymerization (4)
1. Polymerization via dehydration synthesis 2. Monomers link by removing H₂O 3. Must have at least 2 functional groups 4. H2O & Polymer are the products

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