Unit 1.2: Changing Populations and Places

Question 1

Birth rate

Answer 1

Number of live births per 1000 people per year

Question 2

Death rate

Answer 2

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Question 3

What does the demographic transition model suggest?

Answer 3

DTM suggests that death rates fall before birth rates, and that the total population expands

Question 4

Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model

Answer 4

• Birth rates and death rates are high and fluctuating
• Population growth fluctuates
• No countries, only some primitive tribes still at this stage

Question 5

Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model

Answer 5

• Birth rates remain high, but death rate comes down rapidly
• Population growth is rapid
• Afghanistan, Sudan and Libya at this stage

Question 6

Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model

Answer 6

• Birth rate drops and death rate remains low
• Population growth continues but at smaller rate
• Brazil and Argentina at this stage

Question 7

Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model

Answer 7

• Birth rates and death rates are low and fluctuating
• Population growth fluctuates
• UK and US at this stage

Question 8

Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model

Answer 8

• Birth rate is lower than death rate
• Population declines
• Japan at this stage

Question 9

Natural Increase

Answer 9

Differnence between number of births and number of deaths (Birth rate - Death rate)

Question 10

Natural decrease

Answer 10

Occurs when death rate exceeds the birth rate

Question 11

Fertility Rate

Answer 11

Average number of children that would be born to a female over their lifetime

Question 12

Factors that affect fertility rate

Answer 12

• Level of education
• Religion
• Health of the mother
• Economic Prosperity
• The need for children

Question 13

Life expectancy

Answer 13

The average period that a person may expect to live, usually from birth

Question 14

Why is there a low declining life expectancy in many sub-Saharan countries?

Answer 14

• Combination of poverty, conflict and AIDS virus
• In the 40 countries with the lowest life expectancy, only two are not in sub-Saharan Africa (Haiti and Afghanistan)

Question 15

Why life expectancy is often higher for women than men

Answer 15

• In some countries, male retirement age is higher for men than women
• More men take part in physical labour
• Men are more likely to be involved in physical conflict
• More men have “self-destructive” lifestyles

Question 16

How can you interpret an Age/sex pyramid?

Answer 16

• Wide base = high BR
• Narrowing base = falling BR
• Straight or near vertical sides = low DR
• Concave slops = high DR
• Bulges in slope = high rates of immigration or in-migration
• “Slices” in slope = emigration, out-migration, age-specific, sex-specific deaths

Question 17

Dependancy ratio

Answer 17

Measures the working population and dependant population:

(Population 0-14) + (population over 65)
——————————————————— x 100
Population 15-64

Question 18

Why is the dependancy ratio a crude measure?

Answer 18

• Many people stay in school after the age of 15
• Many people work after the age of 64
• However, it is useful for comparing countries or tracking changes over time

Question 19

The consequences of megacity growth for individuals

Answer 19

• Megacities offer an opportunity for a job, a home, improved standard of living and quality of life
• Does not improve standard of living for some, may result in unemployment or underemployment and poor-quality housing

Question 20

The consequences of megacity growth for societies

Answer 20

• Large number of people in close proximity make it easier to provide housing and health care
• If too many people, provision of such services is restricted.
• Growth is associated with expansion of the built area, increased traffic congestion, air pollution and declining water quality

Question 21

Megacity growth - Mumbai (Causes)

Answer 21

• Originally a collection of fishing village situated on seven islands
• Mumbai’s economy was largely based on textiles and imports/exports through the port
• Diversified and includes industries like aerospace, engineering, computers and electronic equipment.
• It is now the financial, commercial and entertainment centre of India

Question 22

Megacity growth - Mumbai (Consequence)

Answer 22

• Out of the 12 million people in population, 9 million lived in slums
• Gender ratio was 838 females per 1000 males
• Experienced poverty, unemployment and underemployment, limited access to health care and education, poor sanitation and access to electricity.

Question 23

Conflict-induced displacement

Answer 23

people who are forced to move due to political violence,

(Civil War violence or persecution on the basis of their nationality race, religion political opinion, or social group)

Question 24

Development-induced displacement

Answer 24

People forced to move as a result of large-scale infrastructure projects

(Dimes motorways airports, urban redevelopment or mining deforestation)

Question 25

Disaster-induced displacement

Answer 25

Natural disasters, resulting in large numbers of displaced people

(Volcanoes, hurricanes, landslides, environmental change, and human induced disasters such as releases of radiation and chemicals)

Question 26

Refugee

Answer 26

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Question 27

Asylum seekers

Answer 27

A person who has left the country of origin in search of protection in another country

Question 28

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

Answer 28

People who are forced to flee their home suddenly in large numbers, but still are within the territory of their own country

Question 29

Development displacees

Answer 29

A person forced to move as a result of policies and projects to promote development

Question 30

Smuggled people

Answer 30

People who are moved illegally for profit

Question 31

Trafficked people

Answer 31

People who are moved by force or fraud for the purpose of exploitation and profit

Question 32

Forced migration in and from Syria

Answer 32

• Repression of the ruling Assad regime and emergence of ISIS led to the displacement of over 10 million people
• Civil war, people feared they would be killed, captured or forced to live under a harsh Islamic rule
• 4 million IDPs in Syria and 4.5 million Syria refugees in five other countries (Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt and Jordan)

Question 33

Forced migration in Nigeria

Answer 33

• 2014, terrorist group Boko Haram kidnapped schools 276 girls from the village of Chibok in northern Nigeria
• Caused many to flee, 3m+ people internally displaced in Nigeria
• 60% of the region’s farmers were displaced. Less land being farmed and less produced harvested
• Over a third of health care facilities closed down, health care workers have been abducted and killed.