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Geography > Unit 1A - Tectonic hazards > Flashcards

Unit 1A - Tectonic hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the earth’s core?

A

a ball of solid and liquid (iron & nickel)

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2
Q

What are the contents of the earth’s mantle?

A

semi-molten rock that moves very slowly

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3
Q

What are the contents of the crust?

A

two crusts, continental and oceanic

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4
Q

What is the continental crust?

A

thicker (30km-50km) less dense

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5
Q

What is the oceanic crust?

A

is thinner (5-10km) and more dense

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6
Q

Why are the plates moving?

A

because of convection currents in the mantle underneath the crust

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What is the oceanic crust?

A

thinner(5-10km) more dense

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9
Q

Why are the plates moving?

A

because of the convection currents in the mantle underneath the crust

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10
Q

What is it called when plates meet?

A

plate margins or plate boundaries

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11
Q

What is a destructive margin?

A

is where two plates are moving towards each other

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12
Q

Describe how destructive margins occur?

A

oceanic and continental plates meet, the most dense plate is forced down in the mantle and destroyed, creating volcanoes and oceanic trenches

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13
Q

What is a constructive margin?

A

where two plates are moving away from each other

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14
Q

Describe how constructive margins work?

A

magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and cools, creating new crust

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15
Q

What is a conservative margin?

A

two plates are moving sideways past each other/ same direction but at different speeds

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16
Q

Why do oceanic plates go under continental plates?

A

because it’s more dense

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17
Q

How are volcanoes formed?

A
  • oceanic plate moves down into mantle, melted and destroyed
  • a pool of magma forms
  • magma rises through cracks in the crust called vents
  • magma erupts onto the surface forming a volcano
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18
Q

What happens constructive margins in the formation of volcanoes?

A

magma rises up into the gap created by the plates moving apart

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19
Q

Where do volcanos sometimes form?

A

over parts of the mantle that are really hot = hot spots

20
Q

What happens when a volcano erupts?

A

emits lava and gases, some emit lot’s of ash

21
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

when ash covers the land and blacks out the sun

22
Q

What are earthquakes caused by?

A

tension that builds up all three types of plate margins

23
Q

What is destructive margins?

A

tension built up when one plate gets stuck as it’s moving past the other into the mantle

24
Q

What is constructive margin?

A

tension builds up along cracks within the plates as they move away from eachother

25
Q

What is conservative margin?

A

tension builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck

26
Q

What are shockwaves caused by?

A

plates eventually jerking past each other “earthquake”

27
Q

Where do shockwaves spread out from?

A

the focus - point of the earth where the earthquake starts

28
Q

Where is the epicentre?

A

point on the earth surface straight above the focus

29
Q

What earthquakes measured by?

A

moment magnitude scale

30
Q

How do moment magnitude scales work?

A
  • measures amount of energy released
31
Q

What does magnitude 6 mean?

A

earthquakes that only cause slight damage to buildings, worse in built up areas

32
Q

What does magnitude 7 mean?

A

earthquakes causing major damage and deaths

33
Q

What are the primary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • buildings collapse and homes destroyed
  • people injured, killed by collapsed debris
  • roads, railways, ports & airports damaged
  • electricity cables, gas and water pipes and communications networks damaged
34
Q

What are the secondary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • landslides and tsunamis
  • leaking gas
  • shortage of clean water
  • trade vehicles can’t get through
  • business’s damaged
35
Q

What are the immediate responses to a earthquake?

A
  • rescue trapped people
  • recover dead bodies
  • set up temporary shelters
  • provide energy & supplies
  • charity sent aid workers
36
Q

What are the long-term responses to a earthquake?

A
  • re-house
  • repair or rebuild buildings
  • reconnect electricity, water and gas
  • economic recovery
37
Q

What are the primary effects of volcanoes?

A
  • buildings and roads destroyed
  • people and animals injured
  • crops damaged
  • people, plants and animals suffocate
38
Q

What are the secondary effects of volcanoes?

A
  • mudflows
  • flooding
  • transport networks blocked
  • homelessness
  • ash makes fields more fertile
39
Q

What are the immediate responses to a volcanoes?

A
  • evacuation
  • provide food, drink and shelter
  • rescue anyone cut off by damage
  • provide temporary power
  • tech companies may set up response mechanisms
40
Q

What are the long-term responses to a volcanoes?

A
  • repair, rebuild or resettle
  • repair and reconnect
  • boost the economy
41
Q

Why do people choose to live near a volcano?

A
  • always lived their
  • employed their
  • confident of support from the government
  • don’t think disasters can happen again
  • soil around is fertile
  • tourist attraction
42
Q

What are the 4 management strategies?

A

monitoring, prediction, protection and planning

43
Q

How does monitoring reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

seismometers monitor earth movements, early warning system. Scientists can monitor signs coming from volcanic eruption

44
Q

How does prediction reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

scientists can forecast which areas should be prepared, volcanoes can be predicted if well-monitored

45
Q

How does protection reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

future developments can be planned to avoid disasters, people can be educated, plan evacuation routes, emergency supplies can be accessible

Geography (20 decks)

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