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IB 150 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This is is the genetic information that gives phenotype

A

genotype

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2
Q

Physiological and behavioral traits/ observable

A

phenotype

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3
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

nucleotides that have a sugar, phosphate group, and complementary bases

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4
Q

How many strands is DNA?

A

2 strands

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5
Q

What does DNA hold?

A

Genetic information that codes for a protein/ makes a protein

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6
Q

Four nitrogen-containing bases

A

C+G, A+T

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7
Q

What happens when DNA is replicated?

A

The 2 strands separate and the DNA strands are given complementary sequences

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8
Q

What are the differences bw RNA and DNA?

A

DNA 2 strands + has T, RNA 1 strand +has U; they have different sugars

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9
Q

How do you read a DNA strand?

A

5-3

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10
Q

What is the gene locus?

A

The address/ location of a gene on a chromosome

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11
Q

Production of proteins determines __________

A

phenotype

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12
Q

What is the genome?

A

Sum of all genetic information, each cell has full copy of genome

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13
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A permanent change in the DNA sequence

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14
Q

What does a mutation create?

A

New alleles which create genetic diversity

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15
Q

What are the 2 causes of mutation?

A

Insertions/Deletion (Indels) and substitution

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16
Q

What are the 4 effects of mutations

A

nonsense, missense, frameshift, and silent

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17
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Codes for a stop codon that ends the protein production

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18
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Codes for a different amino acid

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19
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Changes the reading frame that changes the following codons/amino acids

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20
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

The amino acid/ protein is not changed

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21
Q

What mutations are severe?

A

Frameshift and nonsense bec the protein are missing or the proteins have been altered

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22
Q

Why is there a possibility that a mutation can have no effect on the resulting protein? (Property of genetic code)

A

Multiple codons code for the same proteins so there is a possibility that a mutation will not change the protein produced. REDUNDANCY

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23
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A karyotype shows all of the chromosomes in an organisms, you are able to see how many types and ploidy

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24
Q

What are autosomes cells?

A

body cells/ non sex chromosomes

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25
Q

What is an unreplicated?

A

A chromosome with no sister chromatids

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26
Q

What is a replicated chromosome?

A

Has identical sister chromatids

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27
Q

What 1n/ haploid

A

When there is 1 chromosome for each type

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28
Q

What is 2n/ diploid

A

When there are 2 chromosome for each type

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29
Q

What is ploidy?

A

The number of chromosomes there are for each type

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30
Q

What are homologs?

A

Chromosomes of the same type that have the same genes on them, but may carry different alleles

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31
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

They are identical and have the same alleles and are on the same chromosome

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32
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle? (Mitosis)

A

Interphase: G1 S G2 M: P, PM M, A, T and C

33
Q

What happens during the G1 and G2 phases?

A

The cell is growing and fulfilling a function

34
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

The chromosome is replicated, this is where mutations can occur (DNA replication), resulting in 2 sister chromatids on a chromosome

35
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

The sister chromatids (that are identical) in a chromosome separate to create 2 new daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell, same ploidy 2n

36
Q

Compare bacterial sex to true sex

A

Bacterial “sex” does not actually have sexual reproduction and passes DNA to offspring through mitosis so offspring are identical; true sex is sexual reproduction that creates gametes where there is more genetic variation among offspring

37
Q

How does ploidy change during meiosis?

A

starts with 2n and is at 1n by the end of meiosis when the homologs are separated, stays at 1n the rest of meiosis but at the end the sister chromatids are separated

38
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

the formation of gametes from meiosis

39
Q

Differentiate the process of gametogenesis for males and females

A

Males produce sperm that is equally the same size; females produce eggs that are not all the same size, they have polar bodies that can not end up being fertilized, the oocyte is larger and is able to be fertilized by any of the sperm

40
Q

Differentiate the processes of meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis created diploid (2n) cells that are identical; meiosis can create diverse gametes (independent assortment and crossing over), and results in haploid cells (1n)

41
Q

Explain the process of independent assortment

A

Unlinked genes (different chromosome types) line up differently, this creates diversity if both genes are heterozygous,

42
Q

How do you find how many unique gametes can be produced from Independent Assortment?

A

number of different alleles for gene 1 x number of different alleles for gene 2

43
Q

Explain the process of crossing over

A

Non-sister chromatids of linked genes (same chromosome type) switch segments making sister chromatids no longer identical and forming more diverse gametes; this is only true if the alleles are heterozygous

44
Q

Relate recombination to crossing over

A

During crossing over gametes with diverse genotypes are formed with new combinations of alleles that are different than parents (definition of recombination)

45
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene (usually 2 different versions)

46
Q

How do you define dominance?

A

The relationship bw the dominance and recessive alleles and how they are expressed (co, complete, incomplete)

47
Q

Relate ploidy, dominance, and alleles

A

Ploidy is the number of chromosomes we have for each type, the alleles are held on the chromosomes, the relationship bw the alleles is dominance

48
Q

Why can/ are expected proportions of gametes/ offspring from observed proportions different?

A

Fertilization of gametes is independent/ random and we don’t know exactly which gamete will be fertilized

49
Q

What is codominance?

A

The alleles are both fully expressed and you can see both (spots)

50
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

The alleles are blended to form a phenotype, the functional allele is there but does not produce the full gene product

51
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

When an allele hides another and 1 functional allee is sufficient for function

52
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Someone that is heterozygous and they do not physically show the recessive trait, but can pass it on

53
Q

What does a punnet square show?

A

the parents’ gametes and the possible genotypes of gametes and also shows genotype ratios and proportions

54
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

For 1 gene w/ 2 alleles

55
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

For 2 genes and each has 2 alleles

56
Q

What is the “and” rule?

A

For combined probability (multiply)

57
Q

What is the “or” rule?

A

For the possibilities of x and y outcomes (add)

58
Q

Why does a cross bw known genotypes of parents result in a particular ratio for offspring genotypes and phenotypes?

A

bec of gametes formed during meiosis

59
Q

What genotype do you use for a test cross?

A

homozygous recessive

60
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A cross used to find the unknown parent gentotype

61
Q

How does independent assortment relate to the production of gametes and genotypic frequencies with more than one gene?

A

If there is more than one gene chromosomes can line up differently to create different genotypes for the gametes

62
Q

Define quantitative traits

A

the traits are continuous and have a gradient

63
Q

Define qualitative traits

A

traits that are clearly different than each other either has 1 phenotype another or intermediate

64
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

when many genes affect the same trait ex skin color

65
Q

How do you find the number of diverse gametes for a polygenic trait?

A

of genes x 2 alleles for ache gene= n +1 (the 1 is for an all recessive gamete)

66
Q

Define epistasis

A

When one gene interacts with an another’s expression; gene A affects gene B expression

67
Q

What happens if the first gene for epistasis is homozygous recessive?

A

the second genotype has no effect on phenotype/ trait

68
Q

What is a model organism and how does it help understand human biology?

A

A model organism is an organism that is similar has common ancestry and shares genes/ function with human; they reproduce faster, have more offspring and is using them is ethical; we can learn about human from them bec of shared function

69
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

each individual has 2 alleles and only 1 is passed to their offspring which allows for the recessive trait to reappear

70
Q

What causes recombination/ recombinant genotypes?

A

Crossing over bw linked genes

71
Q

What is a linked gene?

A

When the gene are found on the same chromosome type

72
Q

Is crossing over random and why?

A

yes bec crossing over can happens anywhere along non sister chromatids

73
Q

Does crossing over result in frequencies that are random and why?

A

no bec there are more parental than recombinant

74
Q

What makes a process random?

A

Having possibilities that are equally likely

75
Q

Is crossing over more likely to happen when genes are closer or father apart?

A

farther

76
Q

What is gene mapping?

A

the process used to figure out the location of a gene ( think about crossing over likelihood)

77
Q

What does degrees for freedom represent?

A

amount of chance allowed (wiggle room)

78
Q

How do you test for linkage?

A

Chi- squared test

79
Q

What is a null hypotheses?

A

When the mechanism you are looking for is not taking place

IB 150 (3 decks)

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