unit 2

Question 1

function of lymphatic system

Answer 1

collect fluids that leak out of capillaries. monitor fluid for foreign substances, alert immune system for foreign bodies

Question 2

components of lymphatic system

Answer 2

nodes, organs, vessels, lymphatic tissue

Question 3

organization of lymphatic system

Answer 3

pressure causes fluid to leak, its picked up by lymphatic vessels, returned to blood stream

Question 4

where are lymphocytes made

Answer 4

bone marrow

Question 5

what is MALT. where is MALT

Answer 5

specialized area of tissue in areas open to outside. contains extra white blood cells. found in small intestine, large intestine, appendix, and tonsils/adenoids

Question 6

what does the spleen do for the lymphatic system

Answer 6

contains lymphocytes, red pulp is where red blood cells die, white pulp is where lymphocytes are housed

Question 7

what does the thymus do for the lymphatic system

Answer 7

where t-cells develop

Question 8

what are some innate non specific defenses

Answer 8

skin, macrophages, natural killer cells, complement system, inflammatory response

Question 9

macrophage

Answer 9

white blood cell that digests foreign cells (phagocytosis)

Question 10

natural killer cell

Answer 10

target cancer cells and viruses, releases perforin that makes holes in cell membrane

Question 11

complement system

Answer 11

group of proteins circling in blood that are activated by antibody release. attach opsonin onto surface of pathogens that trigger macrophages

Question 12

inflammatory response

Answer 12

mast cells (wbc) release histamine that causes inflammation. increases blood flow to area and more fluid leaks out of capillaries.

Question 13

how do viruses infect cells

Answer 13

inject genetic material to host cells, cells do protein synthesis with virus materials, body responds by releasing interferon to nearby cells to slow protein synthesis

Question 14

what are standard precautions

Answer 14

used for all patients, assumes that everyone has a spreadable illness. includes handwashing, ppe

Question 15

why are surgical masks used in surgeries

Answer 15

block surgeon droplets from infecting patient

Question 16

contact precautions

Answer 16

done in addition to standard precautions, transmitted through direct or indirect contact. remove ppe before leaving and wash hands.

Question 17

droplet precautions

Answer 17

done in addition to standard precautions, transmitted via respiratory droplets. wearing mask, goggles, gown, and gown.

Question 18

aireborne precautions

Answer 18

done in addition to standard precautions, transmitted via air. requires a negative airflow room, KN95 mask, recommended gown and gloves.

Question 19

percutaneous exposure

Answer 19

contaminated objects break skin and create a wound. bites specifically are percutaneous.

Question 20

what does OSHA do

Answer 20

ensures that standard precautions are followed and creates safety guidelines. created needlestick safety and preventions act of 2000.

Question 21

what is risk of contracting HIV/AIDS if exposed

Answer 21

1%

Question 22

what is risk of contracting hep C if exposed

Answer 22

2%

Question 23

what is the risk of contracting hep b when vaccinated and unvaccinated

Answer 23

0%, 6-30%

Question 24

factors increasing risk of contracting blood born disease

Answer 24

patient history, contact time, amount/concentration of blood, depth of percutaneous exposure

Question 25

how to minimize risk of contracting bbp

Answer 25

clean wound immediately, rinse, report, follow protocols, post exposure prophylaxis

Question 26

antigen

Answer 26

part of adaptive immune system, . protein on cell surface. classified into self and nonself.

Question 27

how are nonself antigens presented

Answer 27

antigen attaches to surface called major histocompatibility complex (mhc)

Question 28

mhc class 1

Answer 28

used by infected body cells

Question 29

mhc 2

Answer 29

used by immune cells

Question 30

what happens when a nonself antigen is presented

Answer 30

t-cells bind to antigen and become activated, begins clonal expansion and attracts macrophage to area

Question 31

what does t-cell cloning do

Answer 31

creates cytotoxic (killer t cell) which releases perforin. creates helper t cell that manage cell response. creates memory t cells that stay in the body for later exposure. creates regulatory t cells that monitor infection and stop response.

Question 32

what happens when macrophages consume pathogens.

Answer 32

it displays nonself antigen and is now called an antigen presenting cell

Question 33

what do b cells do

Answer 33

they shape their antibodies (surface protein) to match a nonself antigen, then do clonal expansion to create memory b cells and plasma b cells.

Question 34

what do plasma b cells do

Answer 34

produce antibodies

Question 35

how do antibodies work against pathogens

Answer 35

they find target nonself antigens to prevent it from infecting body cells

Question 36

how do immunizations work

Answer 36

inject weak or dead pathogens for body to recognize, t memory cells and b memory cells form leading to immunity.

Question 37

what immunizations should healthcare workers have

Answer 37

hep B, flu, MMR, Tdep, herpes varicella, covid-19

Question 38

what happens in case of exposure to airborne pathogen

Answer 38

designated officer notifies of exposure, you get tested and monitored, talk with physician

Question 39

what happens in case of bbp exposure

Answer 39

wash wound, report to supervisor, meet with physician, treatment thru Pep or bloodtest

Question 40

mast cell does what

Answer 40

releases histamine to trigger inflammatory response

Question 41

what happens when t cell binds to foreign antigen

Answer 41

it becomes activated, clonal expansion begins, and complement system is activated

Question 42

cell coordinating and managing t cell response

Answer 42

helper t cell

Question 43

which cell produces perforin

Answer 43

cyotoxic t cells