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N5 biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

mitosis

A

the process of cell division
maintains the diploid chromosome complement

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2
Q

parts of a chromosome

A

chromatids: one of two strands of a copied chromosome
centromere: temporarily holds chromatids together
gene: one of many part of a chromosome that codes for a protein

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3
Q

what is mitosis useful for

A

growth
repairing damaged cells

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4
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that can specialise into different types of cell

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5
Q

uses of stem cells

A

growth
repair

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6
Q

types of stem cell

A

embryonic - found in early stage embryos
tissue - found in the body throughout life

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7
Q

hierarchy of organisation

A

cells
tissues
organs
systems

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8
Q

features of sperm cell that support function

A

tail - for swimming
lots of mitochondria - to provide energy

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9
Q

features of a red blood cell that support function

A

no nucleus
biconcave shape
haemoglobin
- all to store more oxygen

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10
Q

feature of a neuron that supports function

A

long axon - can send signals over a long distance

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11
Q

feature of a root hair cell that supports function

A

large projection - increases surface area which minerals and water can be absorbed with

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12
Q

ways which the body sends messages

A

glands and hormones
the nervous system

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13
Q

components of the nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - all the other nerves

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14
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory neurons - pass information from receptors to CNS
interneuron - processes information
motor neurons - enables a response via effectors

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15
Q

receptors

A

detect sensory input/stimuli

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16
Q

effectors

A

muscles or glands that bring a response to a stimulus

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17
Q

why are reflexes rapid

A

because they do not need to be sent to the brain

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18
Q

Reflex arc

A

the pathway that electrical impulses take for a reflex action to occur

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19
Q

parts of the brain

A

cerebrum - thought, memory, emotions, intelligence
cerebellum - coordination, movement, balance
medulla - breathing, heart rate

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20
Q

synapse

A

the gap between two neurons

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21
Q

pre-synaptic neuron

A

the neuron before the synapse

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22
Q

post-synaptic neuron

A

the neuron after the synapse

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

messages transported across the synapse by chemicals

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24
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones into the bloodstream

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25
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers

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26
Q

target tissues

A

has complementary receptors for specific hormones, so only that tissue will be affected by the hormones

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27
Q

pancreas

A

controls glucose concentration in the blood by releasing hormones

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28
Q

when blood glucose levels are too high

A
  • receptors in the pancreas detect increase in glucose
  • pancreas produces insulin
  • insulin converts blood glucose into glycogen in the liver
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29
Q

when blood glucose levels are too low

A
  • receptors in the pancreas detect decrease in glucose
  • pancreas releases glucagon
  • glucagon converts glycogen into glucose in the liver which is released into the blood
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30
Q

Gametes

A

haploid cell that contain one set of chromosomes

31
Q

plant gametes

A

male - pollen, produced on the anther
female - ovules, produced in the ovary

32
Q

fertilisation in flowering plants

A
  • pollen grain lands on the stigma
  • the pollen tube in the style carries the pollen nucleus to the ovary
  • the nucleus then fuses with the ovule
33
Q

animal gametes

A

male - sperm, produced in the testes
female - egg, produced in the ovaries

34
Q

fertilisation

A

fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

35
Q

why are eggs larger than sperm

A

eggs contain a food store for the early embryo

36
Q

variation

A

the differences between individuals in a population

37
Q

discrete variation

A

distinct groups
controlled by one gene
bar graph

38
Q

continuous variation

A

measured on a scale
controlled by multiple genes (polygenic)
line graph

39
Q

allele

A

different forms of a gene

40
Q

dominant allele

A

the form of a gene that is always expressed

41
Q

recessive allele

A

the form of a gene that will only be expressed if two copies of it are present

42
Q

genotype

A

the combination of genes that an individual has

43
Q

phenotype

A

the physical appearance of an organism caused by genotype

44
Q

homozygous

A

when two alleles are the same

45
Q

heterozygous

A

when two alleles are different

46
Q

predicted/real ratios

A

expected ratios are not always achieved due to the random nature of fertilisation

47
Q

structure of a leaf

A

waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
vein
lower epidermis
waxy cuticle
stomata + guard cells

48
Q

Xylem

A
  • transports water
  • dead
  • strengthened by lignin to withstand water pressure
49
Q

Phloem

A
  • transports sugar
  • living
  • sieve plates + companion cells
50
Q

transpiration

A

process of water moving through a plant and its evaporation through the stomata

51
Q

factors affecting transpiration

A
  • wind speed
  • humidity
  • temperature
  • surface area
52
Q

components of blood

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
53
Q

what does blood transport

A
  • nutrients
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
54
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

red blood cells contain haemoglobin that binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin that the blood carries to cells, where the oxygen is released and oxyhaemoglobin returns into haemoglobin

55
Q

phagocytes

A

carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

56
Q

lymphocytes

A

release antibodies which are specific to particular pathogens and destroy them

57
Q

structure of the heart

A

top chambers - atria
bottom chambers - ventricles
blood from the body - vena cava
blood to lungs - pulmonary artery
blood from lungs - pulmonary vein
blood to body - aorta

58
Q

flow of deoxygenated blood

A

flows from the body into the right atrium via the vena cava. Blood then moves to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

59
Q

flow of oxygenated blood

A

flows from the lungs into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. Blood then moves to the body via the aorta .

60
Q

valves

A

prevent the backflow of blood

61
Q

arteries

A
  • thick walls
  • narrow channel
  • high pressure
  • carry blood away from the heart
62
Q

veins

A
  • thin walls
  • wider channel
  • low pressure
  • carry blood towards the heart
  • valves
63
Q

capillaries

A
  • thin walls
  • networks that provide a large surface area
  • this allows efficient exchange of materials
64
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones for absorption in the small intestine

65
Q

why is absorption important

A

nutrients and oxygen must be absorbed into the bloodstream to be delivered to cells for cellular processes like respiration. Waste materials must also be removed from cells

66
Q

features of surfaces involved in absorption

A
  • large surface area
  • thin walls
  • extensive blood supply
67
Q

alveoli

A
  • sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
  • there are many of them in the lungs to provide a large surface area
68
Q

flow of oxygen + carbon dioxide in alveoli

A

oxygen diffuses into thecapillaries from the alveoli.
carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli

69
Q

SAM

A

starch is broken down into maltose by amylase

70
Q

PPA

A

protein is broken down into amino acids by pepsin

71
Q

LFG

A

fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase

72
Q

Small intestine

A

where most of the absorption of nutrients takes place. Has many folds covered in many villi to maximise absorption

73
Q

Villus

A
  • lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol
  • capillaries absorb glucose and amino acids

N5 biology (3 decks)

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