Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the missing part

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the missing part

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the missing part

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the missing part

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the missing part

A

Chromosomes of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the missing part

A

Glycogen granule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the missing part

A

Small vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the missing part

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the missing part

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the missing part

A

Large chromosomal ring of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the missing part

A

Ring of plasmid DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the missing part

A

Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the missing part

A

Chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the missing part

A

Chromosomes of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the missing part

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the missing part

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the missing part

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the missing part

A

Large vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the missing part

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the missing part

A

Starch grain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the missing part

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are all living things made up of?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the functions of a cell membrane?

A

Holds the cytoplasm together
Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functions of a nucleus?

A

Controls the activities of the cell
Contains genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens in a cytoplasm?

A

Most of the chemical reactions via enzyme catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Where most energy is released in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens in a ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Absorb light energy to make food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a vacuole filled with?

A

Cell sap that contains mineral salts and sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What kind of organism is a yeast cell?

A

A single-cell organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How are chromosomes usually found in body cells?

A

In pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do body cells divide?

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

During growth or to produce replacement cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Meiosis

A

When a cell divides to form gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens when gametes join at fertilisation?

A

A single body cell with new pairs of chromosomes is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells from human embryo and adult bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

Develop into any kind of human cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why is stem cell research controversial?

A

Each embryo has the potential to develop into a human being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder of the cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Polydactyly

A

A genetic disorder where a baby is born with extra fingers and toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A homozygous organism

A

An organism that has two of the same alleles for a particular gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

A heterozygous organism

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a particular gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How are dominant alleles shown in diagrams?

A

With capital letters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How are recessive alleles shown in a diagram?

A

With small letters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where does evidence for early life forms come from?

A

Fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Fossils

A

The remains of organisms from many years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happens to the diffusion rate if there is a bigger difference in concentration?

A

It increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are plant cells adapted for?

A

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the features of a plant cell?

A

Tall shape
Thin shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How does a tall shape help a plant cell?

A

A lot of surface area exposed down the side for absorbing CO2 from the air in the leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How does a thin shape help a plant cell?

A

It means you can pack loads of them in at the top of a leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are guard cells adapted to do?

A

Open and close pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What shape does a guard cell have?

A

Special kidney shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How does a special kidney shape help a guard cell?

A

Opens and closes the stomata in a leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Stomata

A

Pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are red blood cells adapted to do?

A

Carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What shape does a red blood cell have?

A

Concave shape

61
Q

What does a concave shape give a red blood cell?

A

A big surface area for absorbing oxygen

62
Q

What are red blood cells packed with?

A

Haemoglobin

63
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Pigment that absorbs oxygen

64
Q

What are sperm and egg cells specialised for?

A

Reproduction

65
Q

What are the main functions of an egg cell?

A

To carry female DNA and to nourish the developing embryo in the early stages

66
Q

What happens when a sperm fuses with an egg?

A

The egg’s membrane instantly changes its structure to stop any more sperm getting in

67
Q

What is the function of a sperm?

A

To get the male DNA to the female DNA.

68
Q

What does a sperm have?

A

A long tail and a streamlined head
A lot of mitochondria
Enzymes in its head

69
Q

What are large multicellular organisms made up of?

A

Organ systems

70
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job

71
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

During the development of a multicellular organism

72
Q

What do specialised cells form?

A

Tissues

73
Q

What do tissues form?

A

Organs

74
Q

What do organs form?

A

Organ systems

75
Q

What are similar cells organised into?

A

Tissues

76
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

77
Q

Organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

78
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

79
Q

What are leaves made of?

A

Mesophyll tissue
Xylem and phloem
Epidermal tissue

80
Q

What is the function of a mesophyll tissue?

A

Where most of the photosynthesis in a plant occurs

81
Q

What is the function of the xylem and the phloem?

A

To transport things such as water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant

82
Q

What is the function of an epidermal tissue?

A

It covers the whole plant

83
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose + oxygen

84
Q

Name the missing part

A

Upper epidermis

85
Q

Name the missing part

A

Palisade mesophyll

86
Q

Name the missing part

A

Spongy mesophyll

87
Q

Name the missing part

A

Lower epidermis

88
Q

Name the missing part

A

Guard cells with chloroplasts

89
Q

Name the missing part

A

Exchange of gases through the stomata

90
Q

Name the missing part

A

Waxy cuticle

91
Q

Name the missing part

A

Air space

92
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A

Respiration
Making cell walls
Making proteins
Stored in seeds
Stored as starch

93
Q

How can the distribution of small organisms be studied?

A

Using quadrats

94
Q

How can the distribution of organisms be studied along a line?

A

Using transects

95
Q

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

A

Break down big molecules into smaller ones

96
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Converts starch into sugars

97
Q

Starch + amylase =

A

Maltose (and other sugars)

98
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

99
Q

What is the function of protease?

A

Converts proteins into amino acids

100
Q

Proteins + protease =

A

Amino acids

101
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

102
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

103
Q

Lipids + lipase =

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

104
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas
Small intestine

105
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats

106
Q

Where is bile prodcued?

A

In the liver

107
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder

108
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Produce amylase enzymes in the saliva

109
Q

Gullet

A

Oesophagus

110
Q

Liver

A

Where bile is produced

111
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Pummels food with its muscular walls
Produces the protease enzyme
Produces hydrochloric acid

112
Q

What is the protease enzyme in the stomach called?

A

Pepsin

113
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

To kill bacteria
To give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work

114
Q

Gall bladder

A

Where bile is stored, before it is released into the small intestine

115
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes, and releases them into the small intestine

116
Q

Large intestine

A

Where excess water is absorbed from the food

117
Q

Small intestine

A

Where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

118
Q

Rectum

A

Where the faeces are stored before they are ejected

119
Q

How can results of enviromental data be made reliable?

A

By taking large sample sizes
By using random samples

120
Q

Respiration

A

The process of releasing energy from glucose

121
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

122
Q

What is aerobic respiration used for in all organisms?

A

To build up larger molecules from smaller ones

123
Q

What is aerobic respiration used for in animals?

A

To allow muscles to contract

124
Q

What is aerobic respiration used for in mammals and birds?

A

To keep body temperature steady

125
Q

What is aerobic respiration used for in plants?

A

To build nutrients into amino acids

126
Q

What does an increase in muscle activity require?

A

More glucose and oxygen to be supplied to muscle cells

127
Q

What does physical activity do to your body?

A

Increases your breathing rate
Increases the speed at which your heart pumps

128
Q

What is the difference between a fit person’s heart rate and an unfit person’s heart rate?

A

An unfit person’s heart rate goes up more, and takes longer to recover

129
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy

130
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

When there is not enough oxygen

131
Q

What does anaerobic respiration cause?

A

Lactic acid builds up in the muscles
Muscle fatigue

132
Q

What does anaerobic respiration lead to?

A

An oxygen debt

133
Q

Why do you have to keep breathing hard after you stop exercising?

A

To ‘repay’ the oxygen debt

134
Q

How is lactic acid removed?

A

Blood flows through the muscles to oxidise lactic acid into CO2 and water

135
Q

What are the main ingredients of biological detergents?

A

Enzymes

136
Q

How can enzymes be used to change foods?

A

To pre-digest baby foods
To turn starch syrup into sugar syrup
To turn glucose syrup into fructose syrup

137
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Cells which have half the normal number of chromosomes

138
Q

Mitosis

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring

139
Q

Disadvantages of embryonic screening

A

Expensive
Increases prejudice towards people with genetic problems
In the future, only most ‘desirable’ embryos may be picked

140
Q

Advantages of embryonic screening

A

Stops people suffering
During IVF, most embryos are destroyed anyway

141
Q

IVF

A

Embryos are fertilised in a laboratory, then implanted into a mother’s womb

142
Q

Why is embryo screening more favoured for cystic fibrosis than for polydactyly?

A

Polydactyly is not life threatening
Reduces cystic fibrosis population
Reduces health care costs

143
Q

Why can no one know how life began?

A

Lack of valid and reliable evidence
Early organism remains destroyed by geological activity

144
Q

Speciation

A

The development of a new species

145
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

When populations of the same species become so different that they can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring

146
Q

Isolation

A

Where populations of a species are separated

147
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

Isolation leads to adaptations to new enviroments and natural selection

148
Q

Why does speciation occur?

A

Variation of a species

GCSE Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions