Unit 2: Memory

Question 0

What can we focus our attention on to remember?

Answer 0

• Shape
• Colour
• Movement
• Orientation

Question 1

Memories are like?

Answer 1

• Incomplete
• Bias
• Distorted
• Personal stuff

Question 2

Parallel Processing

Answer 2

Allows to process information from different visuals features at the same time by looking at targets.
Example:
Conversations, driving, homework, etc.

Question 3

Conjunction Task

Answer 3

You require more attention because it is made up of two features.

Question 4

The Filter Memory

Answer 4

Broadent (1958)
We can filter information and decide what we want to let in.
It was proven false.

Question 5

Can we ignore one sound and concentrate on another?

Answer 5

Turns out we may think we are ignoring it and can’t remember it, but our minds are still processing it.

Question 6

River Bank Experiment

Answer 6

There were two groups who each had an attended ear listening to a statement, where one group heard something else and the other heard whatever was being said. When asked what they heard in the unattended ear they said nothing.

Question 7

Change Blindness

Answer 7

A person is having a conversation with someone and a mirror comes between them changing the person asking for help. 50% notice and 50% don’t notice.

Question 8

Memory as processing system

Answer 8

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

Question 9

Storage

Answer 9

Storage is of sensory memory such as sight, sounds, and tastes with no further processing or interpretation.
It is quite large.

Question 10

Short-Term Memory

Also called working memory

Answer 10

• Once selected from sensory memory then it’s transferred to our conscious awareness.
• It must process STM before it can be transferred to LTM.
• STM only lasts for a short period of time.
• Memories are lost from STM in 10-20 seconds.

Question 11

Memory Span

Answer 11

Once was believed we could hold up to 7 +/- 2 items in our working memory. Now it is believed to be 4 items.

Question 12

Chunking

Answer 12

The same principle like a chess player. They could only know the move when all the pieces are in a specific order they would know where the move will take place, but when rearranged they wouldn’t know where the next move would be.

Question 13

Long-Term Memory

Answer 13

• Very large capacity

- To store information permanently

Question 14

How does memory get to LTM?

Answer 14

Rehearsal. When you practice and rehearse enough times it will go from STM to LTM.

Question 15

Two types of memory rehearsal to move material to LTM?

Answer 15

• Maintenance rehearsal

- Elaborative rehearsal

Question 16

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 16

To maintain a memory for a specific period of time.

Question 17

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 17

To add meaning to a memory to be remembered more permanently.

Question 18

10 techniques for improving memory

Answer 18

1. Number of study sessions
2. Distribution of study sessions
3. Meaningfulness of material
4. Similarity of items
5. Serial positioning
6. Mnemonic devices
7. Imagery
8. Grouping/chucking
9. Coding
10. Exercise

Question 19

Encoding Specificity Hypothesis (Location)

Answer 19

It states that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded.

Question 20

Types of LTM

Answer 20

- Implicit 
• Underlying unconsciousness 
- Explicit 
• Semantic or Episodic 
- Prospective 
• Remembering to do something in the future

Question 21

Implicit

Answer 21

Memory for making responses and performing skilled action.

Question 22

Explicit Memory

Semantic and Episodic

Answer 22

Semantic-
• Memory of general knowledge 
• Tip-of-the- tongue phenomenon 
Episodic 
• Personal experiences
• Also called Flashbulb memories

Question 23

Why do we forget?

Answer 23

• Alzheimer’s
• Short-Term memory loss
• Traumatic events
• If it means nothing to you
• Stress
• Alcohol
• Aging
• Curve of forgetting

Question 24

Types of interference

Answer 24

Proactive interference-
• Old information gets recalled when you have learned new information.
Example: postal code
Retroactive interference
• New information is referred when recalling old information.
Example: grandparents remembering older grandchildren’s names versus newer ones.

Question 25

7 Sins of Memory

MASTRBB

Answer 25

1. Transience
2. Absentmindedness
3. Blocking
4. Misattribution
5. Suggestibility
6. Bias
7. Repression

Question 26

How should line ups in eyewitness cases be conducted?

Answer 26

• Person unfamiliar with case should conduct the lineup (even computer)
• Show photos one at a time
• Wait for a yes or no response after each picture
• Make it clear that the person may or may not be in the line up

Question 27

What was Solomon’s disorder?

Answer 27

Fivefold Synaesthesia

Question 28

What is Fivefold Synaesthesia?

Answer 28

Stimulation of one of the senses producing a reaction in every other sense.
Example: Solomon went to a Ice-cream stand and asked what Ice-cream he had and she replied fruit ice-cream, but he saw it as when she opened her mouth he saw black coals and cinder blocks coming out of her mouth and didn’t get the ice-cream.

Question 29

What is Confabulation?

Answer 29

The intended false recollection of episodic memory.
Example: Morris thought he had just married 4 month ago and that his kids were adopted because they were grown up, when really he is 61 who has been married and the kids that he says are adopted are his actual blood related children.

Question 30

Capgras Syndrome

Answer 30

Where patients believe that their family members have been replaced by impostors.

Question 31

Why was H.W like this?

Answer 31

He had experienced severe frontal lobe damage following a cerebral hemorrhage.